American Colonial Funeral Directing

Question 1

The origins of funeral customs were what?

Answer 1

British and Dutch

Question 2

The Dutch were located where?

Answer 2

NY and DE

Question 3

The Virginia Colony was founded in

Answer 3

1607

Question 4

The Virginia Colony was basically a

Answer 4

commercial enterprise

Question 5

The funeral customs of ______ were carried intact to the southern colonies

Answer 5

England

Question 6

The southern customs were all _________ customs

Answer 6

Anglican

Question 7

This church continued to dominate funeralization until the American Revolution

Answer 7

The Anglican Church

Question 8

Who was the primary controlling force over funeralization practices in the southern colonies?

Answer 8

Anglican church sexton

Question 9

Who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Answer 9

Puritans

Question 10

The Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious colony in exile from whom?

Answer 10

Anglican England

Question 11

The Massachusetts Bay Colony established this that rejected all other creeds except their own

Answer 11

A Theocracy

Question 12

During the 17th century, the Puritans embraced this Doctrine

Answer 12

Doctrine of Fatalism

Question 13

The Puritans rejected what?

Answer 13

Organized clergy, doctrines, or any other trappings of European organized religion

Question 14

Describe the burial customs of the Puritans

Answer 14

Simplistic committal services and immediate interments

Question 15

Who did all of the preparations of the deceased in the Puritans?

Answer 15

The family

Question 16

The puritans eliminated this during the committal

Answer 16

Prayers

Question 17

The calvinistic work or starve to death ethic with dedication to the production of goods and service and the development of one’s own individuality, pulling one’s own weight, spread throughout the colonies from it’s base in New England

Answer 17

Protestant Work Ethic

Protestantism

Question 18

The funeral was a common occurrence and because of its frequency became integral as what?

Answer 18

A Social Custom

Question 19

Why were there so many deaths in colonial America?

Answer 19

Indian Wars
Colonial Disputes
Very high infant mortality rate
Communicable diseases
Public executions

Question 20

From 1600 to 1700, Puritan funeral customs were

Answer 20

Models of Simplicity and Dignity

Question 21

From 1700 to 1800, there was an increase in

Answer 21

Social character and prestige attached to funeralization

Question 22

In the 18th century, fatalism and pessimism were replaced by this

Answer 22

Liberalized Calvinism

Question 23

In the late 1700’s, gifts were given to whom?

Answer 23

hose who participated in the funeral

Question 24

What kind of gifts were given?

Answer 24

Rings, scarves, gloves, books, printed verses, needlecraft, etc

Question 25

Massachussetts general court passed laws prohibiting

Answer 25

extraordinary expense at funerals

Question 26

Due to extensive gift giving at funerals, the colonial widow was faced with

Answer 26

tremendous financial burden

Question 27

The puritan funeral began in the church with prayers and a sermon said over a

Answer 27

pall covered coffin

Question 28

The pall covered coffin in a puritan funeral would be placed on a

Answer 28

bier

Question 29

The procession to the grave from the church was on foot, with

Answer 29

underbearers carrying the coffin on the bier

Question 30

Who carried the pall?

Answer 30

Pallbearers

Question 31

The pallbearers held how many sticks attached to the pall, carrying it over the coffin

Answer 31

6

Question 32

What did the colonial sexton charge fees for?

Answer 32

Announcing the funeral by tolling the bell | Digging the grave

Question 33

The funeral by the revolutionary war was both a

Answer 33

social function and a public event

Question 34

There was no charge for what?

Answer 34

birth/death records or any other record keeping

Question 35

Maryland was what kind of colony?

Answer 35

Catholic

Question 36

As a catholic colony, Maryland continued on the European practices of the

Answer 36

Roman Cathoic Church

Question 37

Maryland was a place where these people could practice their faith free from persecution

Answer 37

British Roman Catholics

Question 38

Funeral services during the 18th and 19th centuries became what?

Answer 38

A middle class phenomenon

Question 39

The New England wake (northern) involved the remains being washed, dressed, and placed in state by whom?

Answer 39

Family, neighbors, or a nurse

Question 40

Who was the coffin purchased from?

Answer 40

A cabinet maker

Question 41

The more expensive coffins would have this imported from England or Germany

Answer 41

Coffin Furniture

Question 42

In New England, the body was eviscerated and the remains were placed in this

Answer 42

cere cloth

Question 43

The southern colonial funerals were under the direct control of the Anglican church, usually by the _____ who is now charging a fee for his services

Answer 43

Sexton

Question 44

The british medieval customs of drinking and feasting were carried into which colonies

Answer 44

Southern

Question 45

This new custom was added to the southern burial custom

Answer 45

shooting guns

Question 46

After 1750, as the colonies became stable, there was some degree of this restored to the Christian funeral

Answer 46

Ceremonial dignity

Question 47

Specific garments for mourning were characteristic of which set of colonies

Answer 47

Southern

Question 48

Which culture would flay off skin in one piece from an incision down the spine

Answer 48

North American Indians

Question 49

One the Native Americans flayed off the skin, the skeleton is retained, but what happens to the viscera, muscle, and fat?

Answer 49

Disposed of

Question 50

The skin, once the viscera, muscle, and fat is removed, is reattached, and the body is filled with which

Answer 50

white sand

Question 51

Why did the Native Americans fill the eviscerated body filled with white sand?

Answer 51

To dehydrate the skin

Question 52

Large Native American burial mounds are located whater

Answer 52

Tennessee and Mississippi

Question 53

A raised mortuary long house in Native American culture is known as a

Answer 53

Charnel house

Question 54

bodies were stored in the Charnel house until they were

Answer 54

skeletons

Question 55

The skeletons would then be reinterred in

Answer 55

ossuaries

Question 56

Describe the Dutch burial ceremony

Answer 56

Extensive and important prior to burial with extensive praying for the soul

Question 57

How long would the wake period be in Dutch custom?

Answer 57

3 to 4 days

Question 58

Where would the wake take place in Dutch custom?

Answer 58

In the best room of the house, usually the parlor

Question 59

In a Dutch funeral, the coffin was covered by a pall and carried to the churchyard by how many pall bearers?

Answer 59

As many as 12

Question 60

An ornate spoon often made of silver whose handle was intended to resemble an apostle but actually looked like an animal because of shoddy engraving

Answer 60

Monkey Spoon

Question 61

Dutch funerals were primarily attended by whom?

Answer 61

Men

Question 62

After the committal service of a Dutch funeral, what took place?

Answer 62

Feasting and drinking, followed by the estate being divided

Question 63

The Dutch licensed an individual to direct and oversee all funerals, called what?

Answer 63

Aanspreecker

Question 64

These forced the north eastern colonies into the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 64

Embargo Acts, Revolutionary War, and the British coastal blockages during the War of 1812

Question 65

After the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, a large influx of non British immigrants arrived in America. These were mostly

Answer 65

Germans (Lutherans)

Question 66

During the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, there was a shift to what

Answer 66

Simpler, less pretentious funerals

Question 67

What was common to bother tories and rebels supporting austere funeral practice?

Answer 67

Sumptuary Laws

Question 68

Because the industrial revolution was successful in eastern North America, this appeared and became a means to express social status aspirations

Answer 68

a New thriving middle class