Medical Embalmers and the Rise of the English Undertaker

Question 1

Embalming, for almost 1500 years, was rarely practiced except for what?

Answer 1

Intramural interment of religious leaders, war heroes, and the nobility

Question 2

Why was there a considerable retreat in the study of medicine, surgery, and anatomy?

Answer 2

The Roman Catholic Church resisted any advancement

During the Moslem domination, the Koran dictated that life, illness, and death were in the hands of Allah

Question 3

The rebirth of science occurred in what period?

Answer 3

The Renaissance, the age of enlightenment

Question 4

To make cadavers with minimal amount of mutilation, three systems evolved, they were

Answer 4

Evisceration and immersion
Desiccation
Arterial Injection

Question 5

During the early middle ages, what are some of the compounds and chemicals used for preservation?

Answer 5

Oil of terpentine
Camphor Spirits
Oil of Lavender
Oil of Rosemary
Vermillion
Vinegar
Salt Peter

Question 6

During the late middle ages, what are some of the compounds and chemicals used?

Answer 6

Zinc
Arsenic
Aluminum Chloride
Bichloride of Mercury
Alcohol
Alum
Zinc Sulfate

Question 7

Was believed to have developed a system of arterial injection

Answer 7

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 8

Dissected at least 50 bodies and made at least 750 anatomical plates for study

Answer 8

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 9

Father of Embalming

Answer 9

Dr. Frederick Ruysch

Question 10

Discovered a successful system of Arterial Injection which he combined with evisceration

Answer 10

Dr. Frederick Ruysch

Question 11

Father of Histology

Answer 11

Marcello Marphigi

Question 12

Was the first to note the physiology of the capillary bed in 1660

Answer 12

Marcello Marphigi

Question 13

Florentine physician who injected remains with silicate of potash and vatted the body in a weak acid solution

Answer 13

Girolamo Segato

Question 14

The end result of this person’s projects were a stone like statue

Answer 14

Girolamo Segato

Question 15

The greatest of the historical physiologist

Answer 15

Dr. William Harvey

Question 16

Discovered blood circulation by injecting colored solutions into the arteries

Answer 16

Dr. William Harvey

Question 17

Revealed in a publication the art of arterial embalming without evisceration

Answer 17

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

Question 18

In his book, he described a surgical method to inject major arteries

Answer 18

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

Question 19

In his book, he described chemicals which he called Balsamic Spirits

Answer 19

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

Question 20

In his book, he described Cavity Treatment

Answer 20

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

Question 21

In his book, he described desiccating the body in an oven or in the hot sun, resulting in an excellent cadaver for medical study

Answer 21

dr. Gabriel Clauderus

Question 22

Father of Microbiology

Answer 22

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 23

Published an injection technique called the Hunterian Method of Preservation

Answer 23

Dr. William and John Hunter

Question 24

Used the Femoral artery for injection and femoral vein for drainage, called the Hunter’s Canal

Answer 24

Dr. William Hunter

Question 25

Formed burial societies, making himself president

Answer 25

Jean Nicholas Gannal

Question 26

First medical anatomist to combine embalming with funeralization for a profit

Answer 26

Jean Nicholas Gannal

Question 27

Author of History of Embalming

Answer 27

Jean Nicholas Gannal

Question 28

Author of Treatise on the art of embalming

Answer 28

Thomas Greenhill

Question 29

Defended the charter of the Barber Surgeon's monopoly

Answer 29

Thomas Greenhill

Question 30

The incorrect belief that bodily toxins, diseases, etc. could simply be removed by opening veins and draining

Answer 30

Blood Letting

Question 31

Blood Letting originated where?

Answer 31

Medieval Monastery

Question 32

Who monopolized embalming through the Guild System?

Answer 32

The Barber Surgeon Guild

Question 33

Who challenged the monopoly of the Barber Surgeon guild?

Answer 33

Michael Makeland

Question 34

Prior to 1600

Answer 34

There was no secular undertaking Funeralization was church controlled Embalming rarely done

Question 35

After 1600

Answer 35

Role of the undertaker was defined | Heralds chartered as supervisors of funerals

Question 36

The role of the undertaker was defined as

Answer 36

one who prepares the dead for burial and supplies funeral paraphernalia

Question 37

The peak if heraldy and pomp was during this period

Answer 37

the later Feudal period

Question 38

What marked the beginning of the Christian's true life in heaven

Answer 38

The funeral

Question 39

One who performs funeral tasks

Answer 39

Undertaker

Question 40

Coffined burial for the poor seems to occur by when

Answer 40

the middle of the 18th century

Question 41

This allowed the British Medical Schools to use unclaimed bodies for cadavers, many of which were arterially embalmed

Answer 41

Warburton Act of 1832

Question 42

Why did the church lose control of the funeralization process?

Answer 42

The spread of contagious disease overwhelmed the church's capability to handle it Extramural interment Sanitation movement Rise of the secular undertaker People wanted elaborate funerals, which were not being preached by the church

Question 43

Who was commissioned to investigate the conditions under which the Urban English worker lived, worked, and died?

Answer 43

Edwin Chadwick

Question 44

What did Chadwick find?

Answer 44

``` Child murder for insurance collection Poor quality of embalming Graves were too shallow Competition was fierce Price fixing Church of England incompetent in record keeping Undertakers had to be regulated ```

Question 45

This writer exposed the horrors of 19th century England relating to abusive practices, particularly against children

Answer 45

Charles Dickens

Question 46

This writer described British funeral practices, insurance fraud, and Burial Societies

Answer 46

Charles Dickens

Question 47

By 1900, the church and British Public Health Authorities had to rely upon whom

Answer 47

The British Tradesman Undertaker