Death and Burial through the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Question 1

Roman peace is also known as

Answer 1

Pax Romana

Question 2

This ended due to Teutonic invasion

Answer 2

Pax Romana

Question 3

A territorial system with established small fiefdoms interconnected by blood and marriage alliances and based on inequality and social ranking of the population

Answer 3

Feudalism

Question 4

Funeralizing the dead in white garments changed to

Answer 4

garments indicating social rank

Question 5

The funeral service consisted of

Answer 5

Wake
Requiem Mass
Committal Service

Question 6

Mortuary fees paid to the church from the estate of the deceased for complete funeral service

Answer 6

Soul Shot

Question 7

Who was paid the soul shot?

Answer 7

the Decani

Question 8

Describe the preparation of the body during the middle ages

Answer 8

Little embalming

Annointed with oils and spices and wrapped in shrouds

Question 9

What was the deceased placed on?

Answer 9

A draped Catafalque or bier

Question 10

The deceased, on the catafalque or bier, was then illuminated with

Answer 10

as many as 400 candles

Question 11

What happened at the funeral feast?

Answer 11

The estate was divided and an heir was named

Question 12

This, passed in 313 AD, encouraged intramural interments without regard to sanitation. It also developed church yard

Answer 12

Constantine’s Edict of Toleration

Question 13

The name given to intramural church yard, cemeteries built next to churches

Answer 13

God’s Acre

Question 14

During the beginning of the plague years, what was the norm?

Answer 14

Intramural interment

Question 15

A significant rise in extramural cemeteries consecrated for that purpose arose out of

Answer 15

Necessity out of the bubonic plague

Question 16

A state in which those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven

Answer 16

Purgatorial Doctrine

Question 17

What was the purpose of the purgatorial societies?

Answer 17

To bury the dead and pray for the deliverance of the soul from purgatory

Question 18

Who made the necessary funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, burial with solemnity, the payment of the soul shot, and a liberal distribution of alms to the poor?

Answer 18

The Steward of the Guild

Question 19

A death crier, dressed in black with a skull and crossbones on both sides of his gown, would ring a bell and announce the death of a Guild Member

Answer 19

Death Watch

Question 20

Who would announce the death of a Guild Member?

Answer 20

Death Crier

Question 21

This was characterized by rioting and drunkenness, basically making fun of the deceased

Answer 21

Rousing the Ghost

Question 22

These were only for the nobility and church leaders, involved long wakes, crude embalming practices used to deter putrefaction

Answer 22

Funerals of State

Question 23

Usually a death mask, sometimes an entire caricature, used to represent the deceased

Answer 23

Waxen Effigy

Question 24

These were made from the finest materials (for nobility only)

Answer 24

Crypts

Question 25

What materials were noble's crypts made of?

Answer 25

Silver, Gold, bronze, and jewels

Question 26

How much of the European population died during the Bubonic Plague?

Answer 26

50%

Question 27

What caused Bubonic Plague?

Answer 27

Yersinia pestis, carried by infected fleas on black rats

Question 28

What did people think caused the Bubonic Plague

Answer 28

Punishment from God for sins

Question 29

These were an antisemetic order of lay men who blamed the Jewish population of Europe for the Bubonic Plague

Answer 29

Flagellant Society

Question 30

Because of the massive numbers of deaths, what kind of burial was consecrated?

Answer 30

Extramural burial pit

Question 31

The word coffin is derived from what?

Answer 31

the Greeks word kofinos

Question 32

Kofinos means what?

Answer 32

Basket, coffer, or chest

Question 33

Sarcophagus means what?

Answer 33

Greek body eater

Question 34

Most people in the middle ages were buried how?

Answer 34

Shrouded and uncoffined

Question 35

A rented coffin used as a bier during the middle ages

Answer 35

Parish Shell

Question 36

What did the middle class in the middle ages consist of?

Answer 36

Merchants military men, and Tradesmen

Question 37

At the end of the middle ages, the middle class is

Answer 37

Small in number, and for the first time, others besides nobility have money

Question 38

These were most common among Guild members and other laboring or serf classes

Answer 38

Burial Clubs

Question 39

The dues collected to defray costs for masses, pall, chaplain fees, bier rental, shroud, etc

Answer 39

Quarterage

Question 40

Describe the Burial in Woolen Act

Answer 40

Linen was desperately needed to make high grade paper, and the wool industry was in depression. The two industries got together to pass a law saying that all shrouds and coffin linings must be made with wool

Question 41

The mourning colors for the average person in the Middle Ages was

Answer 41

black

Question 42

For royalty, the mourning color in the middle ages was

Answer 42

Purple

Question 43

These symbolized the mourning garments of the widow during the middle ages

Answer 43

Black Cloak

Question 44

The code of conduct for the widow of an important man required that the widow do what?

Answer 44

Retire to a convent or dower house garbed as a nun

Question 45

White cuffs, widow's bonnet, black veil, and the barbe are often referred to as

Answer 45

Widow's Weods

Question 46

The portion of or interest in the real estate of a deceased husband that is given by law to his widow during her life

Answer 46

Dowry

Question 47

Protestant custom to sprinkle this on the corpse

Answer 47

Handful of dirt

Question 48

Jewish custom of placing this in the coffin

Answer 48

A bag of Earth from Palestine

Question 49

This was falsely believed by the British to be a disinfectant against plague if it was thrown into the grave

Answer 49

A Sprig of Rosemary

Question 50

By eating a loaf of bread, drinking a bowl of stale beer over a corpse, and accepting a six pence, a man was able to take unto himself the sins of the deceased, whose ghost thereafter would no longer wander

Answer 50

Sin-Eater

Question 51

The clergy were buried with their feet towards the

Answer 51

East

Question 52

The spirit of the time, the view men take of death

Answer 52

Zeit Geist

Question 53

These emphasized the face that death was common place

Answer 53

Death dance, public execution, bubonic plague, and warfare

Question 54

A semi-secular under the office of the church delegated to care for church property, ringing of bells and the digging of the graves

Answer 54

Sexton

Question 55

What are the two types of Divided Burial?

Answer 55

Independent Bone and Independent Heart Burial

Question 56

This practice was usually associated with relics, having this organ removed from religious leaders and preserved as relics

Answer 56

Independent Heart Burial

Question 57

This practice was usually associated with transporting those who died in war back home to be interred

Answer 57

Independent Bone Burial

Question 58

Describe the process of Independent Bone Burial

Answer 58

The dead bodies were boiled down to skeletons and the bones shipped for funeralization

Question 59

Embalming during the middle ages

Answer 59

Rarely practiced

Question 60

Why was embalming rarely practiced?

Answer 60

It violated the doctrine that the body was the temple of the holy spirit

Question 61

List the situations when bodies were allowed to be embalmed, eviscerated and vatted by the church

Answer 61

Making relics of Martyrs and Saints Intramural interments demanded some kind of preservation Transportation of prominent leaders to their homes during warfare Preservation of remains for anatomical study

Question 62

List prominent monarchs known to be embalmed for intramural interments

Answer 62

Henry I of England | Edward I of England

Question 63

Who was doing the embalming during the middle ages?

Answer 63

The Monks

Question 64

In the late middle ages, who was doing the embalming?

Answer 64

Anatomist to make cadavers to study anatomy related to the practice of medicine

Question 65

This person describes the earliest complete account of Medieval embalming describing the three variants of the basic cavity method

Answer 65

Pietro d'Argellata

Question 66

Had the only credible work in human anatomy which dominated medicine for almost 1300 years

Answer 66

Galen of Pergamon

Question 67

Wrote one of the best studies of anatomy during the Renaissance

Answer 67

Vesalius

Question 68

Considered to be the first serious anatomist of the Middle Ages

Answer 68

Mundinus

Question 69

Why was developing methods of preservation important

Answer 69

To research the structures and function of the human body

Question 70

Embalming procedure in the middle ages consisted of

Answer 70

Evisceration and vatting

Question 71

With the abolition of monastic orders and burial and purgatorial brotherhood, guilds and leagues, what happened to the new protestant funeral procession

Answer 71

It lost most of its solemnity

Question 72

In this, the puritans within the Anglican church stripped away the last vestiges of ostenation and pageantry of the Roman Catholic Church as it related to funerals

Answer 72

Vestiarian Controversy

Question 73

Who began the Reformation?

Answer 73

Martin Luther

Question 74

What began the Reformation?

Answer 74

Rejection of the Doctrine of Purgatory and Indulgences

Question 75

Remission of part of the temporal punishment due to sin offered for the soul of the deceased

Answer 75

Indulgences

Question 76

This was rejected for a time by protestants

Answer 76

Lying in state

Question 77

The emerging Protestant funeral contained

Answer 77

Reading of scripture and singing of hymns Brief discourse on death and resurrection from the Bible Sermon on the life and death of the deceased Blessing of the dead