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Biochemistry 2 > Amino Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Amino Acids

A

small organic compounds with an amino and carbohydrate terminus

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2
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

mammals can’t make but need must get from diet
His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val

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3
Q

Nonessential Amino Acids

A

mammals can make
Ala, Asp, Asn, Glu, Ser

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4
Q

Conditionally Essential

A

can make most of what need
may require during illness/certain growth stages
Arg, Cys, Gln, Gly, Pro Tyr

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5
Q

What are the 20 amino acids used in?

A

Protein synthesis

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6
Q

What are the excitatory amino acids?

A

Glutamate and Aspartate

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7
Q

What are the inhibitory amino acids?

A

Glycine and GABA

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8
Q

How any amino acids can bacteria and plants make? What about mammals?

A

bacteria and plants make all 20
mammals can make about half

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9
Q

What is glutamate formed from?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

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10
Q

Which two reactions does glutamine synthetase facilitate?

A

Phosphorylation and amination

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11
Q

What is glutamine important for?

A

removable of excess nitrogen
donates nitrogen into other biosynthetic pathways

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12
Q

How can mammals interconvert Pro and Arg?

A

the urea cycle and ornithine aminotransferase

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13
Q

How can bacteria make Pro and Arg?

A

directly from glutamate

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14
Q

What is Ser formed from?

A

3-phosphoglycerate from glycolysis
gets oxidized into 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate
a transamination forms phosphoserine
the phosphate is cleaved

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15
Q

The amination of pyruvate forms?

A

Alanine

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16
Q

The amination of oxaloacetate forms?

A

Aspartate

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17
Q

The amination of aspartate forms?

A

Asparagine

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18
Q

What helps in treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute, myeloid leukemia, and non-hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Asparaginase

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19
Q

What do malignant lymphocytes all require?

A

Serum Asn

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20
Q

Treatment of patients with Asparaginase in combo with other chemotherapy results in about what percentage of remission rates?

A

95%

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21
Q

What amino acids are derived from shikimate found in bacteria and plants?

A

aromatic amino acids

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22
Q

What two pathways does aromatic acid formation use?

A

glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway

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23
Q

What is Histidine’s pathway similar to?

A

purine biosynthesis

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24
Q

What is histidine being studied as a drug target for?

A

tuberculosis, no approved drugs yet

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25
What does GABA come from?
Glu
26
What does serotonin come from?
Trp
27
What does dopamine come from?
Phe or Tyr
28
What does Epinephrine/norepinephrine come from
Phe or Tyr
29
What does histamine come from?
His
30
What are the 3 possible states of amino acid degradation?
normal synthesis and degredation diet high in protein starvation/uncontrolled diabetes
31
Amino acid degradation converts amino acids to?
alpha-ketoacids first then CO2 or water OR taken into gluconeogenesis to make glucose
32
Amino acid degradation process
lose nitrogen first nitrogen enters the urea cycle/ is used in other pathways carbon skeleton goes to the citric acid cycle to get broken down breakdown products can be totally oxidized or used as intermediates
33
How much energy (percentage) comes from the amino acid degradation in the citric acid cycle?
10%
34
Acetyl Coa converts to acetoacetyl-CoA which breaks down what?
ketone bodies
35
Strictly ketogenic amino acids
Leu and Lys
36
Mixed Amino Acids
Phe Tyr Trp Ile Thr
37
Strictly Gluconeogenic
Asp and Asn Glu, Gln, Arg, His, Pro Met and Val Ala, Cys, Gly, Ser
38
Where do Leu and Lys enter in the citric acid cycle?
Acetoacetyl-CoA or Acetyl-CoA
39
Where do Asp and Asn enter the citric acid cycle?
oxaloacetate
40
Where does Glu, Gln, Arg, His, Pro enter the citric acid cycle?
Glutamate ->alpha-ketoglutarate
41
Where does Met and Val enter the citric acid cycle?
Succinyl-CoA
42
Where does Ala, Cys, Gly, and Ser enter the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate ->oxaloacetate
43
Starting from Acetyl-CoA how much energy is produced by the citric acid cycle?
10 ATP
44
Starting from alpha-ketoglutarate, how much energy is produced by the citric acid cycle?
7.5 ATP
45
Starting from Succinyl CoA, how much energy is produced by the citric acid cycle?
5 ATP
46
Starting from Fumarate, how much energy is produces by the citric acid cycle?
2.5 ATP
47
Starting from pyruvate or oxaloacetate, how much energy is produced by the citric acid cycle?
0 ATP these are the entry points into gluconeogenesis
48
Starting from pyruvate how much does it cost to make glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
cost 5.5 ATP
49
Starting from oxaloacetate how much does it cost to make glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
4.5 ATP
50
Starting from phosphoenolpyruvate, how much does it cost to make glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
3.5 ATP
51
Which entry points of the citric acid cycle provide energy?
Alpha-ketoglutarate (3 ATP gain) Succinyl-CoA (0.5 ATP gain)
52
Which entry points into glycolysis result in energy loss?
Fumarate (-2 ATP loss) Oxaloacetate (-4.5 ATP loss) Pyruvate (-5.5 ATP loss)
53
If it costs energy why would we run gluconeogenesis?
2 pyruvate to make glucose we get 7 ATP from glucose
54
Where are branched chain amino acids broken down?
brain and muscle
55
What are branched chain amino acids converted to in order to be used for energy?
AcylCoA
56
How is amino acid degradation activated?
high concentration of branched chain amino acids
57
How is amino acid degradation regulated?
phosphorylation of dehydrogenase complex
58
What happens if the dehydrogenase is defective in amino acid degradation?
Alpha-ketoacids will build up and are excreted in urine
59
Is nitrogen stable as N2?
no
60
Which amino acids play central roles in nitrogen metabolism?
Glu, Gln, Asp, Ala
61
Which amino acids collects nitrogen and allows it to be pooled, reused, and recycled?
Glu
62
The conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to Glu takes nitrogen from other amino acids and takes it where?
The mitochondria
63
Which amino acid transports excess nitrogen from other organs to the liver?
Gln
64
Which amino acid converts from oxaloacetate to allow delivery of nitrogen from the mitochondria into the urea cycle?
Asp
65
Which amino acid transports excess nitrogen from the muscle after the amination of pyruvate?
Ala
66
What is dietary protein broken down by?
peptidases
67
How do peptidases get to the GI without harming the rest of your body?
It turns on at the site of action
68
Where do the amino acids travel to from the GI for further metabolism?
the liver
69
Pyridoxal phosphate
responsible for transferring the amino group from amino acids on to alpha-ketoglutarate allows nitrogen to flow through a single point for efficiency and control
70
What is a Schiff base?
is an aldimine functional group formed by the reaction between a primary amine and a carbonyl
71
Nitrogen Excretion process
1. Glu brings excess nitrogen to the liver 2. Glutamate dehydrogenase removes Glu 3. Alpha-ketoglutarate can then be recycled and used by the cells
72
If a tissue makes ammonia which amino acid transports it?
Gln
73
Gln is a xxx source in other biosynthetic pathways
nitrogen
74
Ala transports ammonia from muscle to the?
liver to not use gluconeogenesis in the muscle
75
How much ammonia do all plants recycle?
nearly all
76
Aquatic animals can excrete ammonia directly into?
water
77
Reptiles and birds excrete ammonia as
uric acid
78
Land animals excrete ammonia as ?
urea
79
Where does urea synthesis occur?
in the liver, across the mitochondria and cytosol
80
Free nitrogen is what to cells?
toxic
81
Urea Cycle
1. forms carbanoyl phosphate from CO2, ammonia and ATP 2. Pass carbomoyl phosphate on to ornithine to make citrulline 3. citrulline passed to the cytosol and adenylation occurs 4. Asp forms arginosuccinate 5. breakdown into fumarate and arginine; cleaves to form urea and ornithine
82
The urea cycle is energetically expensive because it costs?
3 ATP
83
What happens to the energy cost when the urea cycle is connected to other cycles?
decreases
84
The fumarate produced from the urea cycle can enter where?
the citric acid cycle
85
A high protein diet or starvation leads to ?
breakdown and use of amino acid for fuel
86
What are the two regulation points of the urea cycle?
N-Acetyl glutamate - incr carbamoyl-phosphate synthesis - incr with increasing [Arg] Feedback regulation
87
Defects in the urea cycle lead to?
ammonia buildup which is toxic
88
What are ways to get rid of ammonia?
Ammonul -mix of sodium benzoate and sodium phenyl acetate React with and remove glycine and glutamine
89
Can carbs be converted to fats?
Yes glucose -> pyruvate -> AcetylCoa -> Fatty Acid
90
Can carbs be converted to protein?
Yes glucose -> citric acid cycle intermediates -> amino acid -> protein
91
Can protein be converted to fat?
Amino Acid -> AcetylCoA -> Fatty Acid ketogenic amino acids
92
Can proteins be converted to carbs?
Amino acid -> citric acid cycle -> glucose glucogenic amino acids
93
Can fats be converted to proteins?
no
94
Can fats be converted to carbs?
no

Biochemistry 2 (11 decks)

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