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Biochemistry 2 > Intro and Lipids > Flashcards

Intro and Lipids Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What are the hydrophobic non-charged amino acids?

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline

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2
Q

What are the polar non charged amino acids?

A

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine

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3
Q

Which amino acids are aromatic?

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

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4
Q

Which amino acids are acidic, polar, and have a negative charge?

A

Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid

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5
Q

Which amino acids are basic, polar, and have a positive charge?

A

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

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6
Q

What does a kinase do?

A

adds a phosphate

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7
Q

What does a phosphatase do?

A

Removes a phosphate

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8
Q

Reduction

A

adds electrons, double bond to single bond

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9
Q

Oxidation

A

loses electrons, single bond to double bond

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

adds water to break an ester

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11
Q

Mutase

A

phosphoryl shift

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12
Q

The breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose results in how much potential ATP?

A

32 ATP

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13
Q

What are the purposes of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acts as a metabolic hub connecting pathways, oxidizes Acetyl-CoA to CO2, and produces energy

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14
Q

What is fatty acid metabolism also called?

A

Beta Oxidation

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15
Q

What are lipids?

A

Hydrophobic biomolecules, made of repeating hydrocarbon units, in every cell, and have a variety of functions

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16
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Energy storage, signaling, membrane structure, and act as cofactors

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17
Q

Lipid storage is often done through TAG, what is the difference in its deposits in cells versus adipocytes?

A

small droplets in cells, large droplets in adipocytes

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18
Q

What does oxidation of fatty acids make?

A

CO2, water, and energy

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19
Q

What do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the membrane do?

A

Hydrophobic creates the actual membrane while the hydrophilic face points in and out of the cell. Can decide what enters the cell but this can also make it hard for drugs to get across

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20
Q

Where are glycerophospholipids and what are they made of?

A

in eukaryotic cell membranes
consist of lipids, glycerol and a phosphate

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21
Q

Where are sphingolipids and what are they made of?

A

in neurons, used for cellular recognition
have lipid, phosphate, and a nitrogen group

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22
Q

Where are galactolipids and what are they made of?

A

in plant cell membranes
made of lipids, glycerol, and sugar

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23
Q

What are glycosphingolipids made of?

A

made of lipid, nitrogen group, and a sugar

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24
Q

What are some CNS disorders due to?

A

dysregulation of sphingolipids

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25
What is Tay-Sachs?
buildup of glycosphingolipids, leads to developmental retardation, may result in blindness, eventually paralysis and death
26
What is Niemann-Pick Disease
enzyme loss leads to fat build up in cells there are major and minor forms leads to early death within 6-40 years
27
Where are sterols and what do they do?
in the cell membrane they alter physiochemical properties, not as flexible or long as phospholipids, and have a different hydrophilic group than phospholipids
28
What happens as sterol concentration increases?
membrane properties increase
29
Where do prostaglandins send messages?
to nearby cells
30
Where do steroid hormones send messages?
to distant cells and tissues travels through the blood stream on protein carriers and alters gene expression in target cells
31
What is PGE2?
an arachidonic acid derivative and prostaglandin it is in the drug cervidil which induces labor
32
What is PGD2?
an arachidonic acid derivative and prostaglandin involved in asthma and male pattern baldness
33
What is TXA2?
an arachidonic acid derivative and thromboxane involved in tissue injury and inflammation
34
What are leukotrienes?
an arachidonic acid derivative and signaling molecule involved in asthma has 3 double bonds in conjugation
35
What are lipoxins?
an arachidonic acid derivative and signaling molecule involved in anti-inflammatory response has 4 double bonds in conjugation
36
What type of drugs are given as anti-inflammatory for autoimmune disorders?
Steroid drugs
37
Birth control
a steroid drug, typically a mix of estrogen and progestin
38
Hormone Replacement Therapy
replaces the sex hormones that our body no longer or never made type of steroid drug
39
Fatty Acid Synthetases process
1. make fully saturated fatty acids 2. convert into unsaturated fatty acids with desaturases 3. can convert with extension and desaturation
40
Where can humans add double bonds in fatty acid synthetases?
delta 4, 5, 6, or 9
41
What are the most common starting point in fatty acid synthetases?
palmitate and stearate
42
Where can plants add double bonds in fatty acid synthetases?
delta 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15
43
What is Type 1 Fatty Acid Synthetases?
in animals- 1 enzyme with 7 domains in fungi- multi subunit to form 7 domains
44
What is type 2 fatty acid synthetases?
in bacteria and plants- 7 domains as separable enzyme
45
What does malonyl/acetyl transferase do?
attach acetate to the enzyme in fatty acid synthetase
46
What does ketosynthase do?
makes the bond in fatty acid synthetase
47
What does ketoreductase do?
reduces ketone to an alcohol in fatty acid synthetase
48
What does dehydratase do?
dehydrates alcohol to form an alkene in fatty acid synthetase
49
What does an enoyl reductase do?
reduces alkene to an alkane in fatty acid synthetase
50
What does thioesterase do?
cleaves the fatty acid from the enzyme in fatty acid synthetase
51
Isoniazid
used to treat tuberculosis prodrug, activated by mycobacterium turberculosis blocks enoyl reductase function and stops the cell wall synthesis in bacterium
52
Triclosan
general anti-septic is bacteriostatic at low concentrations blocks enoyl reductase and stops cell wall synthesis in bacterium present in a large number of consumer products, starting to be more regulated
53
How much glycogen can the body store?
enough to fuel it for 12 hours
54
How much TAG can the body store?
up to 12 weeks worth
55
What is the process for TAG synthesis?
1a. start at glucose goes through glycolysis and stops at DHAP 1b. start from pyruvate go up to DHAP through glyceroneogenesis 2. DHAP converts to glycerol 3-phosphate by reduction 3. attaches fatty acid on glycerol 3- phosphate to form phosphatidic acid - can be esterfication (attach fatty acid on Coenzyme A) or transferase (attach fatty acid on to the glycerol) 4a. Phosphatidic acid can convert to diaglycerol and attach a 3rd fatty acid to make TAG 4b. Phosphatidic acid can attach a head group to make a glycerophospholipid for cell membranes
56
What does insulin promote in TAG regulation?
the conversion of carbohydrates into TAG
57
Diabetes Type 1
loss of production of insulin
58
Diabetes type 2
loss of function of insulin
59
What are TAGs in constant flux between?
the liver and adipose tissue
60
Under all metabolic states fatty acids will cycle, but only how much is used for energy?
25%
61
As a result of TAG cycling what is used in large amounts?
glycerol 3-phosphate that comes from glyceroneogenesis
62
Glucocorticoids like cortisol and dexamethasone increase glyceroneogenesis in the liver but decreases it where?
the adipose tissue
63
In glyceroneogenesis there is no net change in TAG, but what increases in the blood?
the concentration of fatty acids which may cause insulin resistance
64
What do thiazolidinediones do?
cause an increase in glyceroneogenesis in adipose only activates PPAR-gamma, which turns on glyceroneogenesis - this reduces fatty acid concentration in blood and restores insulin function
65
Where does arachidonic acid come from
linoleic acid
66
What converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2?
cyclooxygenase
67
What converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes and lipoxins?
Lipoxygenase enzymes
68
What are SPM?
specialized pro-resolving mediators involved in clearance of cellular debris and tissue recognition lipoxins are a class of this
69
What do NSAIDS generally act as?
COX inhibitors
70
Celecoxib (Celebrex)
selective COX-2 inhibitor has some cardio related side effects
71
Why are COX inhibitors good and bad?
Can treat the whole body but could increase side effects
72
Zileutin (Zyflo)
5-lipoxygenase inhibitors used for asthma
73
Meclafenamic Acid (Meclomen)
5-lipoxygenase and COX inhibitor harsh on the stomach, used in horses
74
Does 15-lipoxygenase have any approved drugs?
no
75
Terpenes
class of lipids formed by isoprenes (5 carbon units)
76
Cholesterol is in animals, stigmasterol is in plants, what is ergosteral in?
Fungi
77
How is cholesterol made?
1. 3 acetates combine and form mevalonate 2. mevalonate goes to an activated isoprene 3. 6 isoprenes combine and make squalene 4. Squalene cyclizes to form cholesterol 5. oxidation’s and other modifications can be made to form other steroid and sterols
78
What do statins do?
HMGCoA reductase inhibitors block cholesterol synthesis in the liver
79
What does ACE stand for and what does it do?
Angiotensin converting enzyme blocks to conversion of angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2 blocks release of aldosterone, reduces blood pressure
80
What are vitamins?
compounds required for survival but must come from the diet
81
Vitamin B1
thiamine water soluble deficiency leads to Beri-Beri - very rare, happens when diet is white rice and alcohol in asparagus, peas, and most meats
82
Vitamin B2
riboflavin water soluble deficiency rare can cause inflammation of the tongue and lips can result in anemia found in meat, yogurt, and mushrooms
83
Vitamin B3
Niacin water soluble deficiency results in pellagra inflamed skin and mouth diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death treated with supplementation of nicotinic acid/ nicotinamide found in meat, asparagus, and mushrooms
84
Vitamin B12
Cobolamin water soluble deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia important in folate recycling required for DNA synthesis results in enlarged RBCs found in eggs, milk, and cheese
85
Vitamin B5
panthothenic acid water soluble rarely deficient in avocados
86
Vitamin B6
pyridoxone water soluble rarely deficient in meat and nuts
87
Vitamin B7
biotin water soluble raw eggs can cause issues in meat and eggs
88
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid water soluble deficiency leads to scurvy in citrus fruits
89
Vitamin A
retinol lipid soluble deficiency leads to night blindness, could lead to total blindness if untreated mostly on seen in some parts of Africa in carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach
90
Vitamin D
cholecalciferol lipid soluble deficiency leads to rickett’s in children and osteoporosis in adults in oily fish and sun exposure body coverts cholesterol into this
91
Vitamin E
lipid soluble vitamin deficiency leads to neuromuscular issues in spinach and almonds
92
Vitamin K
lipid soluble deficiency leads to easy bruising and breakage of blood vessels in Kale and Brussels Sprouts

Biochemistry 2 (11 decks)

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