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Biochemistry 2 > Genes and Chromosomes > Flashcards

Genes and Chromosomes Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Replication

A

DNA making itself

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2
Q

Transcription

A

DNA makes RNA

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3
Q

Translation

A

RNA makes protein

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4
Q

Genes

A

sections of DNA that encode RNA

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5
Q

Intergenic Region

A

DNA between genes

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

tertiary structure of DNA

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

visible characteristic/trait resulting from gene expression

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8
Q

Regulatory Sequence

A

pieces of DNA that affect the level of expression of a gene

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9
Q

DNA is much larger than the cell that contains it therefore it requires?

A

highly organized tertiary structure

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10
Q

The complexity of DNA also includes?

A

chromosomal structure and regulatory control

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11
Q

Can viruses live on their own?

A

no

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12
Q

Some viruses have simple DNA and some only have?

A

RNA

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13
Q

Retroviruses

A

use reverse transcriptase
insert genetic info into the host

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14
Q

What kind of DNA do DNA viruses use?

A

Circular DNA

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15
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A

first virus discovered
infects plants
RNA virus

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16
Q

Adenoviruses

A

DNA virus
common cold
can survive outside the host for a bit

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17
Q

Influenza Viruses

A

RNA Virus
Flu
H#N#

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18
Q

What does the H stand for in H#N#?

A

infectability

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19
Q

What does N stand for in H#N#?

A

release

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20
Q

Bacteriophage T4

A

DNA virus
used in phage therapy
infect bacteria

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21
Q

HIV

A

RNA virus
lentivirus
slow growing retrovirus

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22
Q

Bacteria are free living and more complex than ?

A

viruses

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23
Q

What kinds of DNA do bacteria contain?

A

chromosomal and plasmid

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24
Q

Some plasmids confer?

A

antibiotic resistance

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25
This allows for rapid sharing of genetic info/horizontal gene transfer
plasmids
26
Are eukaryotic cells free living?
yes
27
How many copies of each chromosome does each cell contain?
2
28
Are there 2 copies of sex chromosomes?
no
29
Does the number of genes correlate to complexity of an organism?
no
30
Nearly all bacteria DNA has ?
a specific and known function
31
What does eukaryotic DNA contain?
a large amount of non translated DNA (introns)
32
Exons
translated/coding regions, genes
33
What percent of human DNA is exons?
1.5%
34
Introns are important for?
regulation
35
Centromere
sequence of DNA; attachment point in the middle during cell division 130 base pairs rich in A and T
36
Telomere
DNA at the ends; stabilizes DNA during replication mostly TG repeats
37
What is supercoiling?
coiling of a coil
38
What form does DNA take in a relaxed state?
Beta form
39
Most DNA in cells is underwound which causes strain. How is it relieved?
DNA forms supercoils to make it easier to separate strands and allow DNA to form compact structures
40
Topological linking number
number of times DNA strands wrap around each other
41
What does deviation from the relaxed state result in?
over/underwinding -> strain -> supercoiling
42
If DNA strand gets cut what happens to the linking number?
it’s undefined
43
Overwound
higher linking number more turns positive supercoils
44
Underwound
lower linking number less turns negative supercoils
45
Most strain in DNA is the result of ?
underwinding
46
How can strain from underwinding be relieved?
supercoiling strand separation using an enzyme called topoisomerase
47
Topoisomerase
enzyme that changes the linking number either relieve strain of overwinding or cause underwinding important drug target for cancer
48
Type 1 Topoisomerase
changes linking number by 1 can only relieve strain can only go positive back to 0
49
Type 2 Topoisomerase
changes linking number by 2 requires ATP can relieve strain/cause underwinding
50
Topotecan
eukaryotic type 1 topoinhibitor used in cancer based on comptothesin
51
Doxorubicin
eukaryotic type 2 topoinhibitor that treats cancer based on Donomycin from a soil microbe
52
Ciprofloxacin
bacterial type 2 topoinhibitor antibiotic based on fluorquinolin
53
Topoisomerase inhibitors form an adduct with DNA to stop?
strand reformation
54
What happens to the chromosomal structure during the cell cycle?
it changes
55
Histones
bind DNA and organize it into nucleosomes contain a large number of basic amino acids that allows strong interaction with DNA
56
Nucleosome
structural units of DNA and 8 histones
57
Histones 3 and 4 are
highly conserved
58
Histones 1 and 2 are
more variable
59
The core of the chromosome has ?
2 copies of histone 2A, 2B, 3, 4 200 base pairs of DNA
60
Histone 1 (H1) binds to
linker DNA to stabilize the structure
61
Where do histones prefer to bind?
sites of high AT abundance
62
Binding to histone causes underwinding of DNA in nucleosome, which leads to?
overwinding in linker DNA
63
The acetylation of histones partially controls?
gene expression
64
Histone deacetylace (HDAC) inhibitors
increase gene transcription
65
Valproic Acid
used for epilepsy and mood stabilization target: HDAC
66
Vorinostat/SAHA
used for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma being studied for neurodegeneration target: HDAC
67
Trichostatin A
anti-fungal target: HDAC
68
Nucleosome formation compacts DNA about ?
7 fold
69
Histone H1 helps fold nucleosomes into ?
30 nm fibers leading to 100 fold compaction
70
30 nm fibers attach to what to continue compaction?
chromosomal scaffold
71
Structural Maintenance Chromosome (SMC) Proteins
made of a hinge, 2 arms, and an ATP binding site in bacteria- homodimer in eukaryotes- multiple heterodimers
72
cohesins
link sister chromatids during replication
73
condensins
condense chromatids as the cell enters mitosis
74
Nucleoid
DNA structure in bacteria circular chromosome become series of loops have histone like proteins

Biochemistry 2 (11 decks)

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