Amphibian & Reptilian Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
the collective term for amphibians and reptiles
A
Herptiles
2
Q
animals that are unable to generate body heat internally and thus their body temperatures are dependent on environmental temperatures
A
Ectothermic
3
Q
the mechanisms used by herptiles to maintain their body temperature in an appropriate range
A
Behavioral Thermoregulation
4
Q
Give 3 behavioral thermoregulation mechanisms
A
- Movements within the thermal gradient of their habitat
- Postural changes
- Adjust color and pattern of skin (some species)
5
Q
a range of temperatures in which an animal can perform all necessary metabolic functions
A
Preferred Optimal Temperature Zones (POTZ)
6
Q
periods of hibernation herptiles go through when temperatures drop out of the range in which the animal can remain active
A
Brumation
7
Q
pigment-containing cells that allow some lizards to change their skin color and pattern drastically
A
Chromatophores
8
Q
bony plates within the dermis of some lizards and crocodilians
A
Osteoderms
9
Q
modified scales that cover the eyes of snakes
A
Spectacle (Brille)
10
Q
overlapping structures formed by a folding of the reptile epidermis that can vary greatly in size and shape
A
Scales
11
Q
the rigid type of keratin that is found in scales
A
Beta Keratin
12
Q
structures formed in the lower vascular layer of reptile skin that produce a horny outer layer that does not overlap
A
Scute
13
Q
the softer and more flexible type of keratin that is found in the interscalar skin
A
Alpha Keratin
14
Q
the process of shedding skin and is controlled by the thyroid gland
A
Ecdysis
15
Q
dead skin
A
Exuvia
16
Q
areas of increased permeability on the ventral surfaces of amphibians that amphibians absorb the majority of their water from
A
Drink Patches
17
Q
List the 2 types of periocular glands in reptiles
A
- Lacrimal Glands
- Harderian Glands
18
Q
the gland in most reptiles that lies in a caudodorsal position of the orbit
A
Lacrimal Glands
19
Q
the gland in most reptiles that lies medial to the eye in the rostral aspect of the orbit
A
Harderian Glands
20
Q
scleral bones that help the eye maintain its shape and provide protection from trauma in reptiles
A
Ossicles
21
Q
modified vessels in the eye of reptiles that protrude into the vitreous humor in order to bring nutrition and remove waste
A
Choroidal Vessels
22
Q
a structure in the eye of lizards that extends into the vitreous humor from the optic disc to provide nutrition and remove waste
A
Conus Papillaris
23
Q
a structure with a rudimentary retina and cornea, but no iris, lids, or musculature and likely functions to play a role in light-cycle-mediated hormone function due to its connection to the pineal gland
A
Parietal Eye
24
Q
How many chambers do most reptilian hearts have?
A
2 - atria
1 - ventricle
25
List the 3 structures within the reptilian ventricle
1. Cavum Venosum
2. Cavum Arteriosum
3. Cavum Pulmonale
26
the structure from which the paired aortic arches arise from and lead into systemic circulation
Cavum Venosum
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the structure within the reptilian heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins and directs oxygenated blood to the cavum venosum
Cavum Arteriosum
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the structure within the reptilian heart that receives blood from the right atrium and directs flow into lung circulation
Cavum Pulmonale
29
Which type of reptile does not have 3 heart chambers and how many does it have?
Crocodilians have 4 chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
2 aortas
30
the structure in the crocodilian heart that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation when necessary
Foramen Panizza
31
a structure at the opening of the pulmonary artery in the crocodilian heart that diverts blood into the left aorta and systemic circulation when closed instead of allowing the blood to enter pulmonary circulation
Cog-Wheel Valve
32
How many chambers does the amphibian heart have?
2 atria
1 ventricle
33
Equation employing metabolic scaling for determination of the "appropriate" heart rate in reptiles
HR = 33.4 x (weight in kg ^-0.25)
34
How is cardiac monitoring achieved in reptiles?
Place animal on its back > observe movement of ventral scutes or scales
35
smooth muscle in the walls of some lymph vessels that actively pump lymph through the vessels
Lymph Hearts
36
What is important to remember with the presence of large lymph vessels in association with blood vessels in reptiles?
Results in frequent lymph contamination of a sample during venipuncture
37
List 3 reasons why reptiles are capable of functioning with very low oxygen levels
1. Large pulmonary valve
2. Efficient anaerobic metabolism
3. Cardiac shunting capabilities
38
a structure possessed by some species of snake that increases the volume of vocalizations
Glottal Keel
39
a reptilian lung structure whose cranial portion contains tissue involved in gas exchange and an avascular caudal portion comparable to the avian air sac (found in snakes and some lizards)
Unicameral Lung
40
a reptilian lung structure that divides into many compartments, possesses intrapulmonary bronchi, and is found in chelonians, some lizards, and crocodilians
Multicameral Lung
41
a reptilian lung structure that shares characteristics of unicameral and multicameral lungs, and is found in iguanas and chameleons
Paucicameral Lung
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gas-exchange structures in herptile pulmonary tissue that do not expand or contract and are surrounded by capillary beds where the blood takes up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
Faveoli
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a muscular structure located caudal to the lungs that attaches to the cranial aspect of the liver in crocodilians
Postpulmonary Septum
44
a muscle that attaches the caudal aspect of the liver to the pubis in crocodilians
Diaphragmaticus
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a method of respiration in which contraction of the diaphragmaticus muscle moves the postpulmonary septum caudally through the liver and results in inflation of the lungs
Hepatic Piston
46
Which type of reptile uses hepatic piston respiration?
Crocodilians
47
middle ear structures that functioning as calcium-secreting glands to help maintain calcium homeostasis, particularly during egg formation and metamorphosis in amphibians
Endolymphatic Sacs
48
an accessory olfactory organ that can detect particle gradients across the sampled area to enable animals to follow scent trails efficiently
Vomeronasal Organ
49
a process in which the caudodorsal aspect of the fleshy tongue is flipped forward into a cranioventral position to pull prey into the mouth
Lingual Flipping
50
modified salivary glands found in the upper jaw below the eyes or along the lateral aspects of the lower jaws
Venom Glands
51
the keratinized beaks of turtles and tortoises
Tomia
52
List the 3 types of reptilian dentition
1. Thecodont
2. Pleurodont
3. Acrodont
53
a type of reptilian dentition in which the teeth arise from sockets in the skull bones and are only found in crocodilians
Thecodont
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a type of reptilian dentition in which their associated teeth are fused to the biting edges of the mandible and maxillae
Pleurodont
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a type of reptilian dentition in which the teeth are fused to the biting edges of the mandible and maxillae
Acrodont
56
Which type of reptilian dentition does not grow back if the tooth is lost or broken?
Acrodont
57
How many rows of teeth do snakes have? Where are they?
6
2 - mandibles
2 - maxillae
2 - palatine / pterygoid bones
58
Give the 4 categories of venomous snake dentition
1. Solenoglyphous Snakes
2. Proteroglyphous Snakes
3. Opisthoglyphous Snakes
4. Aglyphous Snakes
59
snakes with fangs that fold against the roof of the mouth when the mouth is closed and are moved into an erect position when the snake bites
Solenoglyphous Snakes
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snakes with fangs that are fixed in an upright position
Proteroglyphous Snakes
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snakes with fangs that are fixed in an upright position and are rear-fanged
Opisthoglyphous Snakes
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snakes without fangs and are nonvenomous
Aglyphous Snakes
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Do amphibians have teeth?
Most have teeth
64
well-developed cutting plates on the rostral mandibles of some frogs
Odontoid Process
65
The reptilian liver is supplied by blood from what 2 vessels?
1. Hepatic Artery
2. Portal Vein
66
What causes the dark brown to black color in herptile livers?
Large number of melanomacrophages
67
cells involved in immune function and can give the amphibian liver a mottled black appearance
Melanomacrophages
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the common outflow tract in all herptiles for gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts made up of 3 chambers
Cloaca
69
List the 3 chambers of the cloaca
1. Coprodeum
2. Urodeum
3. Proctodeum
70
Where do the ureters empty into in reptiles?
Urodeum > they do not have urinary bladders
71
openings in amphibian kidneys that connect the coelomic cavity to the renal tubules and function to filter coelomic fluid
Nephrostomes
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paired structures that can be everted from the tail base through the vent and form a trough to transmit semen into the cloaca of female snakes and lizards
Hemipenes
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List the 5 regions of the oviducts
1. Infundibulum
2. Magnum
3. Isthmus
4. Uterus
5. Vagina
74
species in which the albumen and shell are added in the oviduct prior to egg laying
Oviparous
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species in which the fetuses are retained in the uterine portion of the oviduct for development
Viviparous
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the process of adding a lipid substance to the yolk within the developing follicle
Vitellogenesis
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a lipid substance formed by the liver from mobilized fat and can give the liver a yellow color
Vitellogenin
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the process of laying eggs
Oviposition
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What 4 environmental conditions must be met for successful hatching of reptiles?
1. Temperature
2. Humidity
3. Gas composition
4. Appropriate amounts of moisture in substrate
80
a phase that occurs when incubation temperatures drop and development stops for a period of time, but resumes when temperatures rise again
Diapause
81
How is sex determined in reptiles?
1. Genotype
or
2. Temperature at which eggs are incubated
82
structures that are remnants of pelvic limbs and are used by males to provide tactile stimulation to females during courtship
Pelvic Spurs
83
a concave structure in male chelonians that allows closer apposition of the cloaca when the male mounts the female
Plastron
84
ovarian remnants associated with the testes in male toads
Bidder's Organs
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the embrace carried out by male anurans in order to fertilize the eggs as they are laid
Amplexus
86
pockets within the female salamander's cloaca that store sperm
Spermatotheca
87
retaining the larval form into adulthood
Neotenic
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List the 3 major divisions of the reptilian brain
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain
89
the division of the reptilian brain consisting of the olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon
Forebrain
90
the division of the reptilian brain consisting of the optic lobes, cerebral peduncles, and nerve fibers connecting the hindbrain to the forebrain
Midbrain
91
the division of the reptilian brain consisting of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata
Hindbrain
92
a brain with no gyri or sulci present on the surface
Lissencephalic
93
List the 2 meninges of the reptilian brain
1. Pia-Arachnoid Layer
2. Dura Mater
94
the vascular meninge that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord in reptiles
Pia-Arachnoid Layer
95
the avascular and outer meninge in the reptilian brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater
96
What are the 2 types of reptile skulls?
1. Anapsid
2. Diapsid
97
the type of reptilian skull with no temporal opening
Anapsid Skull
98
the type of reptilian skull with temporal openings
Diapsid Skull
99
List the 3 regions of the reptilian vertebral column
1. Presacral
2. Sacral
3. Caudal
100
the ability of lizards to drop their tails when being pursued or attacked by a predator
Tail Autonomy
101
the last caudal vertebrae in anurans
Urostyle
102
The arrangement of skeletal muscles in snakes allows for what 4 methods of locomotion?
1. Concertina
2. Lateral Undulation
3. Sidewinding
4. Rectilinear
103
abnormal shedding
Dysecdysis
104
the condition in which epithelial cells become flattened, lose their ability to perform normal functions
Squamous Metaplasia
105
Hypovitaminosis A can result in what condition?
Squamous Metaplasia
106
What glands are frequently associated with squamous metaplasia?
1. Lacrimal Glands
2. Harderian Glands
107
the most commonly used vessel for reptilian blood collection
Ventral Coccygeal Vein
108
Where is the ventral coccygeal vein located?
Courses on the midline just ventral to the vertebrae of the tail
109
What 4 vessels are used for blood sample collection in chelonians?
1. Jugular vein
2. Dorsal coccygeal vein
3. Brachial vein
4. Subcarapacial vein
110
List 3 alternative blood collection options are there for herptiles
1. Cardiac puncture
2. Ventral abdominal vein
3. Postoccipital sinus
111
a condition in which fibrous connective tissue develops in place of bone in an effort to provide support to the limbs
Fibrous Osteodystrophy
