Immunity and Defense Flashcards
1
Q
organisms capable of causing diseases
A
Pathogens
2
Q
List the 5 structures in the anatomic organization of the immune system
A
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Organs + Tissues
- Lymphatic System
- Red Bone Marrow
3
Q
Protects the open pathways into the body from pathogens
A
Mucous Membranes
4
Q
The part of the spleen with immunologic functions
A
White Pulp
5
Q
The part of the spleen that removes dead or dying cells
A
Red Pulp
6
Q
How can the lymphatic system aid in determining the location of an inflammatory response, infection or tumor?
A
Lymph from specific areas of the body always passes through the same lymph node(s)
7
Q
clusters of lymphoid tissue that identify antigens, mount immune responses against them, and are located near mucosal surfaces
A
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
8
Q
List the 3 subcategories of MALT
A
- Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
- Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT)
- Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
9
Q
clusters of lymphoid tissue that ensure any pathogens that survive the acidic environment of the stomach cannot infect the animal via the GI tract
A
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
10
Q
What 4 locations are the tonsils located?
A
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Urinary Tract
- Reproductive Tract
11
Q
aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and dogs
A
Peyer’s Patches
12
Q
Where are the majority of Peyer’s Patches located? Where are the smaller % of Peyer’s Patches located?
A
Most - ileum
Smaller % - Jejunum
13
Q
aggregation of lymphoid tissue where T lymphocytes mature in young animals
A
Thymus
14
Q
Where is the thymus located?
A
Mediastinum
15
Q
a macrophage in the liver
A
Kupffer Cell
16
Q
a macrophage in the central nervous system
A
Microglial Cell
17
Q
a macrophage in bone and bone marrow
A
Osteoclast
18
Q
a macrophage in the epidermis and lymph nodes
A
Dendritic Cell
19
Q
List the 2 types of immune systems
A
- Innate Immune System
- Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
20
Q
The immune system that uses physical, chemical, and cellular components
A
Innate Immune System
21
Q
The immune system that is not able to target specific organisms
A
Innate Immune System
22
Q
The immune system that is rapid
A
Innate Immune System
23
Q
The immune system that is rapid
A
Innate Immune System
24
Q
common structures on the membrane surface of invading pathogens that are shared by large groups of pathogens and easily recognized by PRRs of macrophages and dendritic cells
A
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
25
macrophage and dendritic cell receptors that match PAMPs on pathogen cell membranes and triggers the innate immune system once attached
Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
26
What are the 2 types of immunity in the innate immune system?
1. External Innate Immunity
2. Internal Innate Immunity
27
What are the 5 anatomic barriers of the external innate immune system?
1. Skin
2. Mucous membranes
3. Tears
4. Saliva
5. Nasal Discharge
28
What are the 1st and 2nd lines of defense in the external innate immune system?
1st - External Innate Immunity
2nd - Internal Innate Immunity
29
The internal innate immune system involves what 4 things?
1. Inflammation
2. Phagocytosis
3. Cytokines
4. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
30
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
31
At what temperature is a fever considered dangerous?
104 degrees
32
List the 4 cells that carry out phagocytosis in the internal innate immune system
1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages
3. Monocytes
4. Dendritic Cells
33
What are the first 2 cell types at the site of an injury?
1st - Neutrophils
2nd - Macrophages
34
List the 2 types of membrane receptors that distinguish invader cells from self cells
1. PAMP receptors
2. Complement receptors
35
Give the 5 steps of pathogen phagocytosis
1. Activation and Chemotaxis
2. Attachment
3. Endocytosis
4. Destruction
5. Exocytosis
36
projections from the plasma membrane of phagocytes
Pseudopods
37
a vesicle formed from the pseudopods of phagocytes that engulf microorganisms
Phagosome
38
a group of 30+ plasma proteins produced in the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive form and become active in the presence of an antigen or antibody attached to an antigen
Complement System
39
What are the 2 functions of the complement system?
1. Trigger inflammation
2. Alter microbial cell membranes
40
In what 2 ways does the complement system alter microbial membranes?
1. Causing cell lysis
2. Opsonization
41
the process in which antigens are coated with complement proteins to make them more visible for the direct destruction by phagocytes
Opsonization
42
a series of reactions in which each complement protein is activated by the previous complement protein in the series and ends with a complement fixation
Complement Cascade
43
the phase of the complement cascade in which the molecules formed from the reactions are gathered in clusters on the antigen's surface and result in antigen cell lysis or apoptosis
Complement Fixation
44
signaling proteins that can be autocrine, paracrine or endocrine and mediate the immune or inflammatory response to the site of infection, inflammation, or trauma and also play a role in hematopoiesis
Cytokines
45
List the 3 types of cytokine effects
1. Autocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Endocrine
46
acting on the cell that secreted them originally
Autocrine
47
acting on cells near the original cell that secreted them
Paracrine
48
traveling to other parts of the body and act on cells in that location
Endocrine
49
Give 3 of the 50 types of cytokines
1. Interleukins
2. Chemokines
3. Interferons
50
a type of cytokine that controls leukocyte (especially T and B cell) growth, differentiation, and and activation during an immune response
Interleukins
51
a type of cytokine that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood into tissue and toward an injury/inflammatory site where they are concentrated in order to increase the rate of pathogen clearance
Chemokines
52
a type of cytokine produced in response to the presence of viruses, bacteria, cancer and other foreign invaders
Interferons (IFNs)
53
a molecule found on the cell membranes of professional antigen presenting cells
MHC-II
54
cells whose role is to phagocytize antigens, process and destroy them, and present fragments of antigen protein attached to an MHC-II on the phagocytic cell membrane
Antigen Presenting Cells
55
How can IFNs be used in vet med?
Bioengineered IFNs can be used as supportive treatment for feline leukemia (FeLV) and Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
56
granular lymphocytes that are able to identify and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells by inducing apoptosis
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
57
What are the 2 types of NK cell membrane receptors?
1. Killer Inhibitory Receptor (KIR)
2. Killer-Activating Receptor (KAR)
58
the binding of this receptor to the MHC-I molecules on the surface of a cell indicates that cell is healthy
Killer Inhibitory Receptors (KIR)
59
the binding of this receptor occurs when a cell has altered or missing MCH-I molecules on its surface
Killer-Activating Receptors (KAR)
60
proteins that form pores in cell membranes so NKs can release granzymes into the target cell and cause apoptosis
Perforins
61
The immune system that is slow to respond
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
62
The immune system that targets specific organisms
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
63
The immune system that has a systemic impact
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
64
The immune system that has memory
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
65
The immune system not present at birth
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
66
The immune system that uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, and B cells and T cells
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
67
B lymphocytes differentiate into what 2 types cells?
1. Plasma cells
2. Memory B cells
68
What 2 things stimulate B cells?
1. Presence of a specific antigen
2. Signal from a helper T cell
69
the precursor cells of T lymphocytes that originate in the red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they mature, multiply and enter the blood stream as T cells in order to coordinate cell-mediated immunity and activate B cells
Thymocytes
70
What are the 3 stages of B cells and T cells in adult animals?
1. Naive Cells
2. Cytotoxic (Effector) Cells
3. Memory Cells
71
B cells and T cells of adult animals that have entered the lymphatic system, but have not encountered an antigen
Naive Cells
72
B cells and T cells that have been activated and are involved in eliminating a pathogenic antigen
Cytotoxic (Effector) Cells
73
B cells and T cells that are the survivors of past infections and are capable of providing long-term immunity
Memory Cells
74
What are the 2 types of immunity within the adaptive immune system?
1. Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
2. Cell-Mediated Immunity
75
the type of immunity that is triggered by extracellular pathogens and results in the production of antibodies that target specific antigens for destruction
Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
76
the unique shape formed from the unique series of amino acid antigen markers on the surfaces of each pathogen
Epitope
77
List the 5 immunoglobulins
1. IgM
2. IgG
3. IgA
4. IgE
5. IgD
78
the 1st immunoglobulin made by newborn animals and is temporary
IgM
79
The most common immunoglobulin
IgG
80
Another name for antibodies
immunoglobulins
81
The immunoglobulin whose elevated levels in the blood indicate a chronic infection
IgG
82
The only immunoglobulin capable of crossing the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus
IgG
83
The immunoglobulin that prevents diseases caused by antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces
IgA
84
The immunoglobulin that binds to allergens and triggers histamine released from mast cells and basophils
IgE
85
The immunoglobulin that protects against some parasitic worm infections
IgE
86
The immunoglobulins that activate basophils and mast cells, but the exact mechanisms are unknown
IgD
87
the immunity that results from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of antigen so the immune system can respond more quickly if exposed again
Active Immunity
88
List the 2 primary types of vaccines in vet med
1. Modified live vaccine
2. Killed virus vaccine
89
a vaccine containing like-virus particles that have been attenuated so they are nonpathogenic but still recognized by the animal as antigenic
Modified Live Vaccine
90
The type of vaccine that produces a strong immune response since it mimics a natural infection
Modified Live Vaccine
91
a vaccine containing virus particles that have been treated with chemicals, heat or radiation to render them inactive so they are unable to revert to their disease-causing state but still recognized by the immune system
Killed Virus Vaccine
92
The type of vaccine that requires multiple doses before immunity is achieved
Killed Virus Vaccine
93
the immunity that results from receiving antibodies from an external source but the immune system is not involved
Passive Immunity
94
The type of immunity in which no memory cells are produced
Passive Immunity
95
List the 5 factors determining the likelihood of a pathogen causing disease in an animal
1. Exposure
2. Mode of infection or transmission
3. Virulence
4. Immune system strength
5. Resistance
96
the relative strength of a pathogen
Virulence
97
What are the 2 types of pathogen resistance?
1. Acquired Resistance
2. Species Resistance
98
the type of resistance that is developed over an animal's lifetime either through natural exposure to the pathogen or via vaccination against the pathogen
Acquired Resistance
99
the type of resistance the protects all the members of the same species from some diseases
Species Resistance
100
overreaction of the immune system
Allergic reactions
101
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?
1. Type I (allergy)
2. Type II (antibodies)
3. Type III (immune complex)
4. Type IV (T cells)
102
a form of shock characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response, usually due to a severe infection or extensive tissue damage
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
103
a condition characterized by increased intravascular coagulation, is worsened by subsequent microthromboses, and has an end result of multiorgan failure due to either excessive bleeding or clotting
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
104
another term for clots
Microthromboses
105
"Death Is Coming"
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
106
List 4 common signs of internal bleeding
1. Petechiae
2. Ecchymoses
3. Melena
4. Hematuria
107
What is the treatment for DIC?
1. Administer heparin > treating the initial cause of DIC
2. Blood transfusion
3. Prevent DIC at all costs
108
an accumulation of pus in a confined space
Abscess
109
What is important to remember with cat bites?
1. Infection almost guaranteed
2. Look for 4 puncture sites
110
What can you measure to help distinguish between acute vs chronic infections?
Measurement of IgG and IgM levels in serum samples
111
High serum levels of this antibody can indicate acute disease
IgM
112
High serum levels of this antibody can indicate chronic disease
IgG
113
an immune disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells either by creating antibodies directed at its own red blood cells or by IgG and complement binding to the red blood cells marking them for destruction
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
114
What are the 2 types of IMHA?
1. Primary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
2. Secondary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
115
the type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia that occurs when the body creates antibodies directed at its own RBCs
Primary IMHA
116
the type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia that occurs when foreign proteins bind to RBC membranes
Secondary IMHA
117
a condition characterized by a decreased platelet count without an identifiable cause
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
