The Respiratory System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
the process of bringing oxygen from the outside air in to all of the body’s cells and carrying carbon dioxide in the opposite direction
A
Respiration
2
Q
What are the 2 types of respiration?
A
- External Respiration
- Internal Respiration
3
Q
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries
A
External Respiration
4
Q
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic capillaries and all of the cells and tissues of the body
A
Internal Respiration
5
Q
List the 5 functions of the respiratory system
A
- Respiration
- Phonation
- Body temperature regulation
- Acid-base balance regulation
- Sense of smell
6
Q
the process of voice production
A
Phonation
7
Q
Higher vs lower blood CO2 levels in relation to blood pH
A
More CO2 > lower blood pH
Less CO2 > higher blood pH
8
Q
all the respiratory structures outside of the lungs
A
Upper Respiratory Tract
9
Q
List the 4 components of the upper respiratory tract
A
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
10
Q
external openings of the respiratory tube that lead to the nasal passages
A
Nares (nostrils)
11
Q
a condition characterized by difficulty breathings due to extremely small nares and is often seen in brachycephalic breeds
A
Stenotic Nares
12
Q
the respiratory tubes located between the nares and the pharynx, are divided by the nasal septum, and contain the turbinates
A
Nasal Passages
13
Q
the midline divider between the nasal passages
A
Nasal Septum
14
Q
thin, scroll-like bones that divide each nasal passages into 3 nasal meatuses and help filter particulate matter from the air that passes through them
A
Turbinates
15
Q
3 passageways formed by the turbinates
A
Nasal Meatus
16
Q
How many turbinates are there and what are they?
A
- Dorsal turbinates
- Ventral turbinates
17
Q
the nasal meatus located between the ventral turbinate and the floor of the nasal passage
A
Ventral Nasal Meatus
18
Q
the nasal meatus located between the two sets of turbinates
A
Middle Nasal Meatus
19
Q
the nasal meatus located between the dorsal turbinate and the roof of the nasal passage
A
Dorsal Nasal Meatus
20
Q
List the 3 nasal meatus
A
- Ventral
- Middle
- Dorsal
21
Q
cells in the nasal passages that produce mucus
A
Goblet Cells
22
Q
outpouchings of the nasal passages contained within spaces in certain skull bones that produce mucus to line the nasal passages
A
Paranasal Sinuses (Sinuses)
23
Q
the condition characterized by a painful buildup of fluid pressure in the sinus due to the nasal passages swelling shut or becoming plugged with inflammatory debris
A
Sinusitis
24
Q
the tube that connects the nasal passage to the larynx
A
Pharynx (throat)
25
The rostral end of the pharynx is divided by what?
Soft palate
26
The soft palate divides the rostral end of the pharynx into what 2 structures?
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
27
the short, irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea, is supported by the hyoid bone, and houses the vocal cords
Larynx (voice box)
28
the opening to the larynx
Glottis
29
the most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages that covers the opening to the larynx when an animal swallows to direct swallowed material into the esophagus
Epiglottis
30
List the 4 main laryngeal cartilages in common animal species
1. Epiglottis
2. Arytenoid cartilages
3. Thyroid cartilage
4. Cricoid cartilage
31
the laryngeal cartilages that attach to the vocal cords and form the opening to the larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage
32
a set of connective tissue bands in the larynx of nonruminants that are not involved with voice production
Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)
33
blind pouches on each of the larynx in nonruminants that project into the space between the vocal cords and the vestibular folds
Lateral Ventricles
34
List the 3 main functions of the larynx
1. Voice production
2. Prevention of foreign material from being inhaled
3. Control of airflow to and from the lungs
35
a short, wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the neck region into the thorax and divides into the 2 main bronchi that enter the lungs
Trachea
36
the division of the windpipe into the 2 main bronchi that enter the lungs and occurs around the level of the base of the heart
Bifurcation of the Trachea
37
incomplete hyaline cartilage loops spaced along the length of the windpipe that prevent it from collapsing with each inhalation
Tracheal Rings
38
all the respiratory structures within the lungs as well as the 2 main bronchi
Lower Respiratory Tract
39
the air passageways that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli
Bronchial Tree
40
the opening of the air passageways to their maximum diameter
Bronchodilation
41
the partial reduction in size of the air passageways
Bronchoconstriction
42
the initial tracheal separation into 2 branches
Primary (Main-Stem) Bronchi
43
bronchi that supply different lobes of the lung
Secondary Bronchi
44
bronchi that supply different parts of the lung lobe
Tertiary Bronchi
45
the smaller subset of bronchi that come after the tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
46
the site of external respiration where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the air
Alveoli
47
a substance in the thin layer of fluid around each alveolus that helps reduce surface tension of the fluid in order to prevent the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during breathing
Surfactant
48
the region of the lung in the caudal part of the thoracic cavity and lies directly on the cranial surface of the diaphragm
Base of the Lung
49
the region of the lung in the cranial portion of the thoracic cavity
Apex of the Lung
50
the region of the lung that lies against the inner surface of the thoracic wall
Convex Lateral Surface
51
List the lobes of the lung in most common domestic species
Left Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Middle Lobe
3. Caudal Lobe
Right Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Middle Lobe
3. Caudal Lobe
4. Accessory Lobe
52
List the lobes of the lung in horses
Left Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Caudal Lobe
Right Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Caudal Lobe
3. Accessory Lobe
53
a small, well-defined area on the medial side of the lungs where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung and is the only area of the lung "fastened in place"
Hilus
54
a thin membrane that covers the organs and structures in the thorax and lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
Pleura
55
a thin membrane that covers the organs and structures in the thorax
Visceral Pleura
56
a thin membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
57
the small amount of lubricating fluid located between the visceral and parietal layers of the thoracic cavity
Pleural Fluid
58
the portion of the thorax between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic structures
Mediastinum
59
a thin sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the caudal boundary of the thorax and acts as an important respiratory muscle
Diaphragm
60
the partial vacuum within the thorax that pulls the lungs tightly against the thoracic wall and aids the return of blood to the heart
Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
61
Helps pull blood into large veins in the mediastinum that have no muscular pump to facilitate the process
Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
62
the process of pulling air into the lungs
Inspiration
63
Give the 2 main inspiratory muscles
1. Diaphragm
2. External Intercostal Muscles
64
the muscles that increase the size of the thoracic cavity by rotating the ribs upward and forward and whose fibers are oriented in an oblique direction
External Intercostal Muscles
65
the process of pushing air out of the lungs
Expiration
66
Give the 2 main expiratory muscles
1. Abdominal Muscles
2. Internal Intercostal Muscles
67
the muscles that decrease the size of the thoracic cavity by pushing the abdominal organs against the caudal surface of the diaphragm
Abdominal Muscles
68
the muscles that decrease the size of the thoracic cavity by rotating the ribs backward and whose fibers run at right angles to the other intercostal muscles
Internal Intercostal Muscles
69
the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 breath and varies according to the body's needs
Tidal Volume
70
the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute
Minute Volume
71
What is the equation to calculate minute volume?
Minute Volume = [tidal volume] x [# breaths per minute]
72
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
Residual Volume
73
What is the mechanism behind gas exchange in the alveoli?
Diffusion
74
Atmospheric air is what percent oxygen?
21%
75
the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas
Dalton's Law
76
the pressure of each individual gas
Partial Pressure
77
What is the abbreviation for partial pressure?
P + chemical symbol for the gas
78
the area of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem that controls breathing and has individual control centers for inspiration, expiration and breath-holding
Respiratory Center
79
What are the 2 types of breathing control managed by the respiratory center?
1. Mechanical Control
2. Chemical Control
80
the system that controls breathing by setting routine inspiration and expiration limits with the help of stretch receptors
Mechanical Control
81
the system that controls breathing by monitoring levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance
Chemical Control
82
Breathing control net effect: - Maintain normal, rhythmic, resting breathing pattern
- Aka > sets a baseline respiratory rate and depth
Mechanical Control
83
Breathing control net effect:
- Adjust the normal, rhythmic breathing pattern produced by the mechanical control system when the CO2 content, pH or O2 content of arterial blood varies outside preset limits
- Aka > makes adjustments as needed to maintain homeostasis
Chemical Control
84
the system that controls breathing by monitoring levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance
Chemical Control
85
What are the 3 arterial blood characteristics important to chemically control breathing?
1. CO2 content
2. pH
3. O2 content
86
the manual control of an anesthetized patient's breathing by squeezing and releasing the rebreathing bag of an inhalant anesthesia machine
Bagging
87
a common clinical procedure in which a soft rubber or plastic tube is inserted through the glottis and advanced down into the trachea in order to provide an open airway for administration of inhalant anesthetic or to allow effective artificial ventilation
Endotracheal Intubation
88
a soft rubber or plastic tube is inserted through the glottis and advanced down into the trachea in order to provide an open airway for administration of inhalant anesthetic or to allow effective artificial ventilation
Endotracheal (ET) Tube
89
Which species can blind ET intubation be done?
1. Horses
2. Cattle
90
Explain how to intubate horses and cattle
1. Unconscious animal head + neck extended > gives straighter path into the larynx
2. ET tube lubricated > gently inserted into the animal's mouth
3. ET tube advanced until it passes through the glottis > into the trachea
91
Explain how to intubate a dog
1. Unconscious animal head + neck extended
2. Laryngoscope blade introduced into the mouth + advanced caudally until epiglottis identified
3. Use tip of the laryngoscope blade to gently press the tip of the epiglottis ventrally > epiglottis is now out of the way > visual of arytenoid cartilages forming entrance to the glottis
4. ET tube lubricated > directed between the cartilages > advanced down the trachea
92
an instrument consisting of a battery-containing handle attached to a long, narrow blade with a small light source near the end used to assist with the intubation of short palate species
Laryngoscope
93
Explain your options for intubating a cat
1. Insert during expiration > Glottis is at maximum size
2. Apply small amount of local anesthetic to the glottis
94
a reflex in which the glottis slams shut when touched to prevent anything but air from entering the larynx
Laryngospasm
95
an abnormal respiratory condition in which the muscles that tighten the arytenoid cartilage and vocal cord on one side of the larynx are paralyzed and results in the affected vocal cord flapping as the animal breathes
Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring)
96
the procedure in which the lateral ventricle on the affected side of the larynx is surgically removed
Laryngeal Ventriculectomy
97
Which vocal cord is usually affected in laryngeal hemiplegia?
Left vocal cord
98
an inflammatory condition of the lungs produced by inhalation of foreign material
Aspiration Pneumonia
99
What are 2 common causes for Aspiration Pneumonia?
1. Oral liquids administered too rapidly for animal to swallow
2. Inhalation of regurgitated material by anesthetized animal
100
a condition in which the space between the ends of several of the hyaline cartilage rings are wider than normal which causes the widened area of smooth muscle to get sucked down into the lumen of the trachea and partially block it during inhalation
Tracheal Collapse
101
Which species are tracheal collapses most common?
1. Miniature dog breeds
2. Overweight dogs
102
difficulty breathing in air
Inspiratory Dyspnea
103
a disease in which certain irritant cause bronchial tree inflammation with resulting thickening of the lining of the air passageways, excess mucus production, and bronchoconstriction that can range from mild to life threatening
Asthma
104
respiratory tract infection that affects some combination of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx and trachea and is generally not life threatening
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI)
105
a respiratory tract infection that can be severe due to fluid accumulation deep in the lungs that obstructs airflow and cannot be easily cleared
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
106
a lower respiratory tract infection involving the lining of the bronchial tree
Bronchitis
107
a lower respiratory tract infection involving the bronchioles and alveoli
Pneumonia
108
the presence of free air in the pleural space which results in the loss of negative intrathoracic pressure
Pneumothorax
109
What can an untreated pneumothorax lead to?
Lung collapse
110
a protective reflex that is stimulated by irritation or foreign matter in the trachea or bronchi and consists of a sudden, forceful expiration of air through the mouth
Cough
111
What are the 2 types of coughs?
1. Productive
2. Nonproductive
112
moist coughs that help an animal clear mucus and other matter from the lower respiratory passages
Productive Cough
113
dry coughs that are generally not beneficial and are treated with cough-suppressant medications
Nonproductive Cough
114
cough-suppressant
Antitussive
115
a productive reflex that is stimulated by irritation or foreign matter in the nasal passages and consists of a sudden, forceful expiration of air through the nose and mouth
Sneeze
116
a slow, deep breath taken through a wide-open mouth that may be stimulated by a slight decrease in blood oxygen levels, boredom, drowsiness, or fatigue
Yawn
117
a slightly deeper than normal breath not accompanied by a wide-open mouth that may be a mild corrective action when the blood oxygen level gets a little low or carbon dioxide level gets a little high or to expand the lungs more than the normal breathing pattern
Sigh
118
spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis
Hiccups
119
Why is it important to periodically give anesthetized animals deep sigh breaths?
Keeps lungs well expanded > prevents partial collapse of the lungs
