An Overview of the Function of the CVS

Question 1

What does the right side of the heart do?

Answer 1

Pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs.

Question 2

What happens at the lungs?

Answer 2

Gas exchange- oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Question 3

What does the left side of the heart do?

Answer 3

Pumping blood into the systemic circulation.

Question 4

Describe diffusion in the systemic circulation.

Answer 4

Oxygen diffusing from the blood into the tissues and organs.
CO2 diffusing from the tissues and organs into the blood.

Question 5

List the things that the CVS can transport.

Answer 5

1. Oxygen and CO2
2. Nutrients
3. Heat
4. Metabolites
5. Hormones

Question 6

Describe why the heart is very flexible.

Answer 6

Pump can vary output
Vessels can redirect blood
Vessels can store blood

Question 7

Which vessels store blood?

Answer 7

Veins and venules.

Question 8

Give an example of the heart varying output.

Answer 8

If exercising, the heart can pump more oxygen around the body.

Question 8

Give an example of the heart varying output.

Answer 8

If exercising, the heart can pump more oxygen around the body.

Question 9

Give an example of how the heart can redirect blood.

Answer 9

During exercise, can redirect blood to muscles and legs.

Question 10

Why is the balance of the heart pumping mechanism of the right and left heart imporatn?

Answer 10

If there was even a slight inbalance, blood would end up in the lungs.

Question 11

Are pumps in series or parallels?

Answer 11

Series

Question 12

Are vascular beds in series or parallel?

Answer 12

Parallel

Question 13

What does the vascular beds being in parallel mean?

Answer 13

They all receive blood at the same time
Also allows for the regional redirection of blood, as previously discussed, like when partaking in exercise.

Question 14

Which vascular beds are arranged in series rather than in parallel?

Answer 14

Gut and liver

Question 15

How much is the total cardiac output per minute?

Answer 15

5000ml (5L) / min

Question 16

Which areas of the body is the cardiac output fairly equal the the oxygen consumption?

Answer 16

Brain, skeletal muscle, abdominal organs.

Question 17

In which areas of the body is the cardiac output unbalanced with the oxygen consumption?

Answer 17

Skin, heart and liver.

Question 18

Why is the cardiac output unbalanced with the oxygen consumption in the skin?

Answer 18

Due to thermoregulation as blood is sent out to the skin and heat can be lost from it.

Question 19

Define cardiac output.

Answer 19

The volume of blood pumped by the heart

Question 20

Why is the cardiac output unbalanced with the oxygen consumption in the kidneys?

Answer 20

More blood is sent to the kidneys so it can filter out any metabolites.

Question 21

What does Darcy’s Law state?

Answer 21

Flow= change in pressure
——————————
Resistance

Question 22

The pressure of the left of the heart varies.
What is this called?

Answer 22

Mean arterial pressure

Question 23

Does mean arterial pressure increase or decrease with exercise?

Answer 23

Increases
-> This is because more oxygen is required, the heart will push more blood into your arteries, hence increasing mean arterial pressure.

Question 24

What is the pressure in the right heart referred to as?

Answer 24

Central venous pressure.

Question 25

How do you work out the difference in pressure?

Answer 25

Mean Arterial Pressure - Central Venous Pressure

Question 26

What do you need to change in order to increase blood flow?

Answer 26

Resistance

Question 27

What controls resistance?

Answer 27

Arterioles

Question 28

Define arteries.

Answer 28

Major blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart

Question 29

Define arterioles.

Answer 29

Vessels which can change their dimeter to control how much blood travels through the vascular beds.

Question 30

Define capillaries.

Answer 30

Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Question 31

Define veins/venules.

Answer 31

Vessels which store blood,-> when needed, can be forced back into the right side of the heart

Question 32

Which blood vessel is the smallest?

Answer 32

Capillaries

Question 33

What is meant by capacitance?

Answer 33

Ability to store electrical charge

Question 34

What is meant by the fractional distribution of blood?

Answer 34

Proportion of blood that is in these veins and venules versus the rest of your systemic circulation.

Question 35

Which type of artery is the aorta?

Answer 35

An elastic artery

Question 36

Which type of artery are regular arteries?

Answer 36

Muscular arteries

Question 37

Which type of artery are arterioles?

Answer 37

Resistance arteries.

Question 38

Describe the wall of the aorta.

Answer 38

Thick elastic wall

Question 39

Describe the wall of arteries.

Answer 39

Strong thick, non-elastic walls

Question 40

Describe the wall of arterioles.

Answer 40

Thick contractile walls

Question 41

Describe the lumen of the aorta, arteries and arterioles.

Answer 41

Aorta and arteries= wide lumen Arterioles= narrow lumen

Question 42

How many elastic arteries are in the body?

Answer 42

2

Question 43

Name the two elastic arteries in the body,

Answer 43

Aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 44

What does a wide lumen mean in terms of resistnace?

Answer 44

Low resistance

Question 45

Describe the lumen of capillaries.

Answer 45

Narrow

Question 46

Describe the lumen of venules.

Answer 46

Wide lumen

Question 47

Describe the walls of capillaries.

Answer 47

Thin

Question 48

Describe the walls of venules/veins.

Answer 48

Thin, distensible* *able to increase in size and helps to store blood

Question 49

Why are capillaries good for gas exchange?

Answer 49

They has a high surface area to volume ratio. Also, very thin, so gases can diffuse easily.

Question 50

Which vessels are capacitance vessels and what does this mean?

Answer 50

Veins/venules ->able to store blood

Question 51

Where does the aorta stem from?

Answer 51

Left ventricle

Question 52

Which structure separates the right and left half of the heart?

Answer 52

Septum

Question 53

Which section of the heart receive blood from systemic circulation?

Answer 53

Right atrium

Question 54

Which structure receives the blood returning from the lungs?

Answer 54

Left atrium

Question 55

What are the right and left ventricles for?

Answer 55

Pumping blood

Question 56

What happens to the blood after the left ventricle?

Answer 56

Goes into the systemic circulation via the aorta

Question 57

What structure transports the deoxygenated blood back to the right atria?

Answer 57

Vena cava

Question 58

What is the difference between the superior and inferior vena cava?

Answer 58

Superior returns blood from above the heart back to the heart, Inferior returns blood from below the structure of the heart back to the heart.

Question 59

Where does the blood go after the right ventricle?

Answer 59

It is pumped into the pulmonary circulation.

Question 60

What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?

Answer 60

Left and right pulmonary artery

Question 61

What does the right pulmonary artery do?

Answer 61

Pumps blood to right lung

Question 62

What does the left pulmonary artery do?

Answer 62

Pumps blood to the left lung.

Question 63

How does the blood return to the left atrium?

Answer 63

Via the pulmonary veins.

Question 64

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 64

4

Question 65

Name the four pulmonary veins

Answer 65

Left superior pulmonary vein Left inferior pulmonary vein Right superior pulmonary vein Left inferior pulmonary vein

Question 66

Name the valve between the left ventricle and aorta.

Answer 66

Aortic valve

Question 67

Name the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

Answer 67

Pulmonary valve

Question 68

What happens in systole?

Answer 68

Blood is squeezed from ventricles and into the aorta.

Question 69

What happens in diastole?

Answer 69

Heart chambers fill with blood.

Question 70

Name the valve between the right atrium and ventricle.

Answer 70

Tricuspid valve

Question 71

Name the valve between the left atrium and ventricle.

Answer 71

Mitral valve

Question 72

What is the role of the tricuspid and mitral valve?

Answer 72

Prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricle back into the atria.

Question 73

What prevents the valves from going back on themselves?

Answer 73

Chordae tendineae

Question 74

Which muscles are chordae tendineae attached to?

Answer 74

Papillary muscles (ps yes I spelled it right)

Question 75

The valves open and close due to what?

Answer 75

Changes in poressure of the heart

Question 76

How many cusps on the tricuspid valve?

Answer 76

3

Question 77

How many cusps on the mitral valve?

Answer 77

2

Question 78

How many cusps do the aortic and pulmonary valves have?

Answer 78

3