Nutritional Aspects of CVD

Question 1

What is the main cause of coronary heart disease?

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis

Question 2

What causes haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 2

Rupture of the arterial wall due to aneurysm or wall diseas

Question 3

Which bacteria causes rheumatic Heart Disease?

Answer 3

Streptococcal bacteria

Question 4

LDL?

Answer 4

thankshigherandadvancedhigherhealthandfoodtech

Low density lipoprotein

Question 5

What triggers endothelial cell dysfunction?

Answer 5

Infection
High BP

Question 6

What does LDL oxidation trigger?

Answer 6

Recruitment of monocytes from the circulation

Question 7

What are some of the main risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Answer 7

Diet
Obesity
Hypertension
Insulin resistant diabetes
Activity level
Smoking
Alcohol
Genetics
Infant and foetal growth

Question 8

Which parts of diet contribute to CHD?

Answer 8

Excess energy intake and diet composition

Question 9

List the Pro-atherogenic components of diet which can lead to CHD.

Answer 9

Cholesterol
Saturated FA
Trans FA
Sodium
Alcohol

Question 10

List the non-atherogenic components of diet which can lead to CHD.

Answer 10

PUFA- polyunsaturated fatty acids
Carbohydrate rich diet
NSP- non starch polysaccarides, or fibre
MUFA- monounsaturated fatty acids
Antioxidant
Phytochemicals

Question 11

What is plasma concentration influenced by?

Answer 11

By fat content and quality in the diet

Question 12

Is HDL a risk factor for CHD?

Answer 12

Yes, but lower risk and only when there is also high LDL.

Question 13

Where would you find saturated fatty acids?

Answer 13

Palm oil, butter

Question 14

High levels of saturated fat increases what?

Answer 14

Cholesterol levels

Question 15

What do saturated fatty acids act on?

Answer 15

LDL receptors causing inhibition and suppression

Question 16

How much saturated fat should men have?

Answer 16

No more than 30g/day

Question 17

How much saturated fat should women have?

Answer 17

No more than 20g/day

Question 18

What % reduction is there in the risk of CHD when replacing 1% of saturated fat intake w unsaturated fat?

Answer 18

2-3%

Question 19

What % of food energy should come from saturated fat at most?

Answer 19

11%

Question 20

What % reduction is there in the risk of CHD when replacing 1% of trans fatty acid intake w unsaturated fat?

Answer 20

12%

Question 21

What are the current recommendations surrounding trans fatty acids?

Answer 21

No more than “% of total food energy should come from trans fatty acids

Question 22

Which foods contain trans fatty acids?

Answer 22

Highly processed foods
Some dairy products

Question 23

What do trans fatty acids do?

Answer 23

Raise LDL cholesterol and plasma triglyceride
Lower HDL

Question 24

Is sodium atherogenic?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What affect on the heart does sodium have?

Answer 25

Influences thrombosis by it's effect on BP

Question 26

What is the recommendations surrounding salt intake?

Answer 26

No more than 6g/person/day

Question 27

What can lower BP?

Answer 27

Reduce sodium intake and increase potassium

Question 28

How much alcohol would be enough to raise BP?

Answer 28

30 units / week

Question 29

Where would you find polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 29

Sunflower oil

Question 30

What does eating polyunsaturated fatty acids do?

Answer 30

Lowers LDL but also HDL

Question 31

Which foods would you find monounsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 31

Olive oil

Question 32

What would happen if you swapped your saturated fat intake with an unsaturated fat, containing oleic acid?

Answer 32

Decrease total cholesterol and LDL

Question 33

Which two types of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can you get?

Answer 33

Marine based Plant based

Question 34

What do the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do?

Answer 34

Lower triglyceride levels Minimal effects of LDL and HDL Also have anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties.

Question 35

Does a high carb diet increase or decrease risks of CHD? Why?

Answer 35

Decreases Reduces fat intake so reduces CHD

Question 36

What are the recommendations regarding free sugars?

Answer 36

No more than 5% of total food energy

Question 37

Describe the effect of NSP high diet.

Answer 37

Lowers risks of CHD Helps reduce cholesterol levels Benefits gut health

Question 38

What are antioxidants?

Answer 38

Antioxidants are essential components of the cellular defence against activated oxygen species

Question 39

Give some examples of antioxidants.

Answer 39

Vitamins CE Selenium, zinc, manganese ->technically A too

Question 40

What does a high intake of vitamins C and E, fruit and veg do?

Answer 40

Lowers risk of CHD

Question 41

What is the effect of omega3 on CHD?

Answer 41

Reduces risks of CHD

Question 42

What are the recommendations for n-3 PUFA (omega 3, marine based polyunsaturated fatty acids)?

Answer 42

2 portions of fish /week 1 should be oily

Question 43

Which fish are high in omega 3?

Answer 43

Salmon, mackerel, trout

Question 44

List some whole grains :) i'm loving this lecture sm

Answer 44

Oats Quinoa Spelt Barley Brown rice Whole wheat Popcorn etc.

Question 45

The more refined the flour...?

Answer 45

The less nutrients

Question 46

Why will white flour contain higher levels of iron, andthiamin and riboflavin?

Answer 46

Because it is fortified

Question 47

Which soluble fibre is found in wholegrains like wheat, oats and barely?

Answer 47

Beta glucan

Question 48

What are some other dietary components which are potentially important for cardiac health?

Answer 48

Vitamin D Carotenoids Phytochemicals

Question 49

How much fibre should you have per day?

Answer 49

30-40g