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Systemic Disease in Dentistry > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Name 3 components of the full blood count

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. White cell count
  3. Platelet count
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2
Q

Describe 5 components of the normal adult red cell values

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. Haematocrit
  3. Red cell count
  4. Mean cell haemoglobin
  5. Mean cell volume
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3
Q

Name 5 types of white blood cells in order of most to least common

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
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4
Q

What is the normal range of platelet count?

A

150-400 x 10⁹/l

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5
Q

What is the normal range of total leucocytes in the white cell count?

A

4-11 x 10⁹/l

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6
Q

What is anaemia?

A

A reduction in haemoglobin concentration in the blood, resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity

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7
Q

Name 5 common symptoms of anaemia

A

1 .Shortness of breath on exercise

  1. Weakness and lethargy
  2. Palpitations and headaches
  3. Cardiac failure or angina
  4. Visual disturbances
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8
Q

Name 4 signs of anaemia

A
  1. Pale pallor
  2. Hyperdynamic circulation, tachycardia
  3. Congestive cardiac failure
  4. Retinal haemorrhages
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9
Q

Name 4 causes of anaemia

A
  1. Lack of ingredients to make haemoglobin
  2. Failure of blood marrow to make red cells
  3. Loss of blood (bleeding)
  4. Destruction of red cells
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10
Q

Name 3 ingredients needed to make haemoglobin

A
  1. Iron
  2. Vitamin B12
  3. Folic acid
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11
Q

Name 3 types of anaemia with regards to classification

A
  1. Microcytic hypochromic
  2. Normocytic normochromic
  3. Macrocytic
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12
Q

What is MCV?

A
  • Mean cell volume

- The size of a cell

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13
Q

What is MCH?

A
  • Mean cell haemoglobin

- Amount of haemoglobin present

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14
Q

Describe MCV and MCH in microcytic anaemia

A
  • MCV < 80fl

- MCH < 27pg

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15
Q

Name 5 possible causes of microcytic anaemia

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. Thalassaemia
  3. Anaemia of chronic diseases
  4. Lead poisoning
  5. Sideroblastic anaemia
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16
Q

Describe MCV and MCH in normocytic anaemia

A
  • MCV 80-100fl

- MCH > 26pg

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17
Q

Name 5 possible causes of normocytic anaemia

A
  1. Anaemia of chronic diseases
  2. Acute blood loss
  3. Renal disease
  4. Bone marrow failure
  5. Haemolytic anaemias
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18
Q

Describe the MCV of macrocytic anaemia

19
Q

Name 2 types of macrocytic anaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Megaloblastic

2. Non-Megaloblastic

20
Q

Name 2 causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Vitamin B12 deficiency

2. Folate deficiency

21
Q

Name 4 causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Liver disease
  3. Myelodysplasia
  4. Aplastic anaemia
22
Q

Highlight the major differences between microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anaemia

Study These Flashcards
A

Microcytic - Cells present are too small

Normocytic - Reduced numbers of cells present but cells which are present are normal

Macrocytic - Cells are bigger than normal so divide abnormally so not enough cells present in blood

23
Q

Describe how an iron deficiency is treated

Study These Flashcards
A

Oral supplement e.g ferrous sulphate 200mg TID on an empty stomach

24
Q

Describe 5 clinical symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Insidious onset of symptoms
  2. Lemon yellow jaundice
  3. Glossitis and angular stomatitis
  4. Purpura (bruising)
  5. Neuropathy (subacute) combined with degeneration of cord
25
Describe pernicious anaemia
- Autoimmune attack on the gastric mucosa leading to atrophy of the stomach - F > M - Tends to occur in families
26
What happens to neutrophils during macrocytic anaemia?
They become hypersegmented as they grow more before dividing
27
What are 2 treatment options for macrocytic anaemia?
1. Vitamin B12 injections | 2. Folic acid
28
Name 4 classifications of leukaemia
1. Acute myeloid leukaemia M0-M7 2. Acute lymphoblastic L1-L3 3. Chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. Chronic lymphoid leukaemia
29
Describe the classification of acute myeloid leukaemia
``` M0 - Undifferentiated M1 - Without maturation M2 - With granulocytic maturation M3 - Acute promyelocytic M4 - Granulocytic with monocytic maturation M5 - Monoblastic M6 - Erythroblastic M7 - Megakaryoblastic ```
30
Describe the classification of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
L1 - Small blasts with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio L2 - Large heterogenous blasts L3 - Vacuolated basophilic blasts
31
Name 5 clinical signs of acute leukaemia
1. Tissue infiltration 2. Bone marrow failure 3. Anaemia 4. Infection 5. Thrombocytopaenia
32
Name 3 commonly seen infections during acute leukaemia
1. Cellulitis 2. Oral candidiasis 3. Gum infection and swelling
33
What are lymphomas?
Malignant lymphocytes which accumulate in the lymph nodes and may spill out into peripheral blood
34
What is the marker of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Reed Sternberg cells
35
Name 5 symptoms of Hodgkin's disease
1. Fever 2. Pruritis 3. Weight loss 4. Night sweats 5. Fatigue
36
Describe the clinical implications of Hodgkin's dsiease
- Peak incidence in young adults and elderly - M:F 2:1 - Painless firm discrete lymph nodes - Hepatosplenomegaly - Mediastinal and other organ involvement
37
What is the biggest concern with mediastinal involvement in Hodgkin's disease?
Superior vena cava obstruction
38
Name 3 types of treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma
1. Combination chemotherapy 2. Autologous stem cell transplantation 3. Targeted immunotherapy
39
Name 5 clinical implications of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1. Lymphadenopathy 2. Constitutional symptoms 3. Oropharyngeal involvement 4. Bone marrow failure 5. Abdominal disease
40
Describe treatment focus on high and low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma
High - Aggressive treatment with possibility of cure | Low - Treatment to control disease
41
What is the most common haematological malignancy?
Multiple myeloma
42
Describe multiple myeloma
- Clonal proliferation of plasma cells - Bone marrow failure - Bone disease (lytic lesions) - Renal failure and hypercalcaemia
43
What happens during multiple myeloma with regards to plasma cells?
Plasma cells proliferate without checks and begin to invade other parts of the blood and take over e.g peripheral blood, bone marrow
44
Describe the treatment options of multiple myeloma
- Resuscitation (steroids, fluid, renal support) - Oral chemotherapy - Bisphosphonates - ASCT

Systemic Disease in Dentistry (22 decks)

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