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anaemia Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

where is blood made

A

yolk sac (6 weeks)
skeleton till birth and after
axial skeleton with age

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2
Q

haemotopoietic stem cells produce

A

erythroid, leukocytes and megakaryocytes

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3
Q

haemotopoietic stem cells differentiation

A

myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells

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4
Q

haemotopoietic stem cells can do

A

differentiation and self renewal

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5
Q

G-CSF

A

granulocyte colony stimulating factor

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6
Q

M-CSF

A

macrophage colony stimulating factor

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7
Q

GM-CSF

A

granulocyte/macrophage stimulating factor

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8
Q

IL-3

A

interleukin 3, regulates

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9
Q

erythropoietin

A

stimulates RBC production

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10
Q

thrombopoietin

A

regulates production of platelets

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11
Q

leukopoiesis 2 categories

A

granulopoiesis and lymphopoiesis

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12
Q

granulopoiesis

A

granulocytes in the marrow, innate immunity and phagocytosis. mostly produces neutrophils

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13
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

B and T cells and natural killer cells

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14
Q

megakaryopoiesis

A

multiple lobes of nuclei within bone marrow

produce platelets

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15
Q

platelet formation in megakaryocytes

A

platelets bud off from granular cytoplasm and released into circulation

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16
Q

reticulocytes in differentiation

A

first stage of differentiation in the blood, second to last stage overall

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17
Q

reticulocyte characteristics

A

no nucleus, RNA tangles
not as red
only last a few days

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18
Q

erthyrocyte

A

final stage of differentiation, biconcave disc, red, 120 days

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19
Q

heme production

A

in mitochondria and cytoplasm of erythrocyte precursors

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20
Q

adult globin

A

most Hb A

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21
Q

A1c globin

A

has glucose

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22
Q

EPO synthesis

A

in the juxtaglomerular epithelium in the kidney, some in liver

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23
Q

EPO release

A

kidneys detect oxygen saturations and increases EPO if low

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24
Q

ferritin

Study These Flashcards
A

stored iron in macrophages

25
iron absorption
dietary, absorbed through duodenal enterocytes
26
iron transportation
in the plasma bound to transferrin
27
ferroportin
export protein that releases iron into transferrin
28
hepcidin
iron regulating hormone made in liver | hepcidin inhibits iron export
29
increased hepcidin`
decreased ferroportin= less iron export
30
B12 in differentiation
first step, stem cell into specialisation
31
B12 in mitosis
aids in DNA synthesis but not RNA
32
B12 absorption
in the stomach and required intrinsic factor
33
anaemia
decreased haemoglobin
34
causes of anaemia
failure to produce | excess destruction
35
ineffective erythropoiesis
progenitors destroyed from being abnormal
36
insufficient erythropoiesis is from
lack of erythroid precursors from not producing enough, e.g. iron/b12 insufficient
37
anaemia with chronic illness
iron is trapped, high ferritin but cannot be used
38
causes of anaemia with chronic diseases
suppression of bone marrow function, cannot utilise iron/b12 to create and acceleration of RBC destruction
39
chronic disease/inflammation cascade
``` inflammatory stimulus monocytes and T cells cytokines increased hepcitin increased RBC phagocyotsis ```
40
microcytic classification
MCV less than 80
41
normocytic classification
MCV 80-100
42
macrocytic classification
MCV over 100
43
microcytic characteristics
small RBC, small haemoglobin rim | reticulocytes are normally low
44
causes of microcytic anaemia
iron deficiency thalassaemia anaemia of chronic disease
45
macrocytic anaemia characteristics
large cells
46
causes of macrocytic anaemia
megaloblastic = B12 or folate | non megaloblastic = not
47
normocytic anaemia
failure of production
48
normocytic anaemia causes
lysis, lack of EPO, blood loss
49
normocytic anaemia and reticulocytes
should be normal as there is no iron/b12 deficiency
50
raised reticulocyte count
blood loss or haemolysis
51
no reticulocyte count
bone marrow is not working, iron/b12 problem, no EPO
52
anaemia symptoms
pale, fatigue, jaundice, abdominal swelling, red eyes, blood in stools/urine
53
thalassemia
genetic condition affecting haemoglobin
54
alpha thalassaemia
4 globin genes 1 alpha globin= severe no alpha globin= not alive
55
beta thalassaemia
2 globin genes minor=1 globin major= no globins
56
beta thalassaemia major results
nucleated RBC, rapid destruction
57
ethnic groups for thalassaemia
mediterranean, middle east, indian, south-east asian
58
spheryocytes
RBC being broken down

IMD (3 decks)

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