haemotology

Question 1

endothelium exerts

Answer 1

nitrous oxide and prostacyclin

plasminogen activator to begin fibrinolytic system

Question 2

sub-endothelium

Answer 2

procoagulant

Question 3

platelets features

Answer 3

small, no nucleus and granulated

Question 4

where are platelets made

Answer 4

in the bone marrow by budding off megakaryocytes

Question 5

low platelet count

Answer 5

thrombocytopenia

Question 6

function of platelets

Answer 6

adhere, aggregate, contract and become sticky

Question 7

glycoprotein VI on platelet

Answer 7

binds to collagen to start reaction

Question 8

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

Answer 8

binds to fibrinogen to bridge platelets

Question 9

glycoprotein Ib/IX/V

Answer 9

binds to VW factor

Question 10

what is released from granule content of platelets

Answer 10

adenosine, ADP, adrenaline, serotonin, thromboxane A2

Question 11

serine proteases

Answer 11

enzymes that activate the next pathway in the cascade

Question 12

cofactors

Answer 12

VIII and V

speed up serine proteases

Question 13

extrinsic pathway

Answer 13

injury
7
10
2
common

Question 14

intrinsic

Answer 14

foreign surface
12
11
9 (+8)
10
common

Question 15

amplification mechanism

Answer 15

small amounts of key factors to regulate and inhibit

Question 16

antithrombin

Answer 16

inhibits serine proteases and 10

heparin helps

Question 17

production of clotting factors

Answer 17

in the liver

VIII also in other

Question 18

vitamin K dependent clotting factors

Answer 18

the TV channels

2,7,9,10

Question 19

VW factor production

Answer 19

megakaryocyte and endothelial produced

on chromosome 12

Question 20

natural anticoagulants

Answer 20

antithrombin- thrombin and 10
protein C- 8 and 5
protein S- helps C

Question 21

fibrinolysis

Answer 21

tissue plasminogen activator is released
plasminogen into plasmin
plasmin breaks down fibrin

Question 22

blood sample testing

Answer 22

add sodium citrate for bleeding

add calcium back for clotting

Question 23

platelet function test

Answer 23

measure shape, adherane and aggregation

Question 24

platelet number test

Answer 24

complete blood picture

Question 25

ELISA

Answer 25

enzyme linked immunoassay detects antibodies heparin induced thrombocytopenia (factor 4 and heparin = immune response)

Question 26

INR

Answer 26

``` prothrombin time ratio patient PT/common PT used for warfarin not sensitive to heparin or lupus ```

Question 27

APTT

Answer 27

intrinsic + common in seconds looking at specific factors

Question 28

VW factor testing

Answer 28

latex immunoassay | looking for clumping from antigen/antibody presentation

Question 29

natural anticoagulants test

Answer 29

chromogenic assay

Question 30

fibrinolysis test

Answer 30

D-dimer increased= DVT `

Question 31

haemophilia

Answer 31

``` A= low factor 8 B= low factor 9 ```

Question 32

aspirin

Answer 32

thromboxane inhibitor

Question 33

warfarin

Answer 33

vitamin k antagonist | TV channel factors

Question 34

treatments for haemophilia

Answer 34

DDAVP | factor replacement

Question 35

venous system of the leg

Answer 35

common, external , femoral, popliteal, tibeal

Question 36

oedema mechanism

Answer 36

increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 37

DVT location

Answer 37

more likely to be proximal

Question 38

DVT treatment

Answer 38

heparin | not usually warfarin

Question 39

universal donor blood type

Answer 39

O

Question 40

universal recipient blood type

Answer 40

AB

Question 41

tests before transfusion

Answer 41

antibody screen DAT | crossmatch IAT