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Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram positive bacilli

A

Actinomyces israelii, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Mobiluncus, and Propionibacterium

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2
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram positive cocci

A

Peptococcus niger and Peptostreptococcus

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3
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram negative rods

A

Bacteroides, Bilophila, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella

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4
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram negative cocci

A

Veillonella

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5
Q

What are the different types of anaerobic bacteria?

A
  1. Facultative anaerobes: can grow aerobically and anaerobically
  2. Obligate anaerobe: require anaerobic conditions to grow
  3. Strict obligate anaerobe: cannot tolerate more than 0.5% oxygen
  4. Moderate obligate anaerobe: can tolerate 2-8% oxygen
  5. Aerotolerant anaerobes: grows poorly in ambient air (21% oxygen)
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6
Q

General body sites for anaerobic bacteria

A

Mucosal surfaces in GI tract, genitourinary tract, oral cavity, and upper respiratory tract; anaerobic bacteria can live in sites because facultatively anaerobic organisms use oxygen and outnumber these organisms

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7
Q

Exogenous vs endogenous diseases

A

Exogenous: from organisms, toxins, or spores from outside of the body, leading to disease; Ex: tetanus or botulism
Endogenous: caused by the host’s normal flora when someone is immunosuppressed, trauma, or malignancy

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8
Q

What are the most common anaerobic bacteria causing infections

A

Bacteroides fragilis group, pigmented Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and anaerobic cocci

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9
Q

Which specimen are acceptable for anaerobic cultures?

A

Abscess aspirates, tissue/biopsy, suprapubic aspirate urine, blood/body fluids, protected brush bronchoscopy specimen, and anaerobic swabs (least desirable)

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10
Q

Which specimen are unacceptable for anaerobic cultures?

A

Material from superficial skin sites, voided or catheterized urine, expectorated sputum, throat/ nasopharyngeal swabs, bronchial washings, genital swabs, rectal swabs, and stool (unless it is for C. diff)

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11
Q

Anaerobic blood agar

A

nonselective media for growth of obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria; Ex: CDC BAP, Brucella blood agar, enriched-brain-heart infusion blood agar, and Schaedler blood agar

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12
Q

Anaerobic phenylethyl alcohol blood agar (PEA)

A

inhibits facultative GNRs and supports growth of facultative GP and anaerobic bacteria

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13
Q

Bacteroides bile-esculin agar (BBE)

A

selective and differential agar that is used to isolate and identify Bacteroides fragilis group; it contains gentamicin (inhibits facultative organisms), bile (inhibits other anaerobes), and esculin (to identification of this group b/c it hydrolyzes esculin)

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14
Q

Cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA)

A

selective and differential agar for the isolation of Clostridium difficile; Cycloserine and cefoxitin are used to inhibit other organisms and C. difficile metabolizes proteins in the agar resulting is yellow colonies (agar is naturally pink)

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15
Q

Kanamycin-Vancomycin laked blood (KVLB) agar

A

selects for Bacteroides and Prevotella spp.; Kanamycin inhibits facultative GNRs and vancomycin inhibits GP; laked blood (hemolyzed blood) allows for certain Prevotella spp. to produce a brown/black pigment

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16
Q

Paromomycin-vancomycin laked blood (PVLB) agar

A

similar to KVLB except it has paromomycin instead of kanamycin; paromomycin will inhibit GNRs that are resistant to kanamycin

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17
Q

Thioglycollate broth (THIO)

A

nonselective where anaerobic bacteria grow towards the bottom of the broth and aerobic bacteria grow towards the top

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18
Q

What are the incubation requirements for anaerobic bacteria?

A

Anaerobic environment: 80-90% Nitrogen gas, 5-10% hydrogen gas, and 5-10% CO2; hydrogen gas removed oxygen by forming water with it and CO2 helps capnophiles grow
Grow at 35-37C

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19
Q

Clostridium spp. characteristics

A

obligate anaerobic GPR, spore-forming, and mostly catalase negative

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20
Q

C. perfringens diseases

A

most frequently isolated species; can cause bacteremia, food poisoning, cellulitis, female genital tract infections, and myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

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21
Q

C. perfringens characteristics

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A

Colonies: gray, yellow, circular, glossy with a double zone of B hemolysis
GS: boxcar GPR, singly or paired, with central to subterminal oval spores
Biochemicals: lecithinase +, reverse CAMP +, and Nagler +

22
Q

C. difficile diseases

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A

causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis
Can be toxigenic (toxin A and B) or nontoxigenic; EIA tests can be done to see if either toxin is present

23
Q

C. difficile characteristics

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A

Colony: creamy yellow/gray/white; irregular, coarse, and fluoresces under UV light; smells like horse manure
GS: straight GPR in short chains with rare oval subterminal spores and free spores
Biochemicals: weakly mannitol +, esculin +

24
Q

C. botulinum diseases

Study These Flashcards
A

causes botulism by producing different types of botulinal neurotoxin, leading to flaccid paralysis; there are different categories of botulism: food-bourne, wound, and infant

25
C. botulinum characteristics
Colony: gray/white, irregular, usually B hemolytic GS: GPR singly or in pairs with oval, subterminal spores causing swelling of cells Can detect the toxins
26
C. tetani diseases
causes tetanus with the tetanospasmin toxin that binds to components of the neuroexocytotic apparatus, blocking inhibitory impulses to motor neurons (leads to spastic paralysis)
27
C. tetani characteristics
asaccharolytic, can form a film over the entire agar surface; narrow B zone GS: drumstick appearance
28
C. septicum diseases
bacteremia associated with neoplasias, particularly colon and breast cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma
29
C. septicum characteristics
Colony: gray, translucent, swarm, and B hemolytic GS: pleomorphic GPR that can produce long filaments and rare oval spores Biochemicals: sucrose - and DNase +
30
Actinomyces spp diseases
causes actinomycosis: a chronic granulomatous infection that can result in abscess formation with draining sinuses (can be in brain, lower resp tract, and genital tract); the discharge frequently has sulfur granules (masses of bacteria), which is diagnostic
31
Actinomyces spp. characteristics
GS: beaded appearance from irregular staining Colony: All microaerophilic except A. meyeri (obligate anaerobe) and slow growing; spiderlike or wooly when young and molar tooth or raspberry like when old Catalase -, indole -, nonmotile, nitrate + A. israelii: most common, esculin + & urea - A. meyeri: esculin - & urea - A. naeslundii: urea + A. odontolyticus: pigmented A. viscosus: catalase +
32
Propionibacterium spp. diseases
Can cause infections of the skin, conjunctiva, bone, joint, and CNS; associated with surgical procedures
33
Propionibacterium spp. characteristics
GS: pleomorphic rods with diphtheroid appearance Both nitrate + esculin -, nonmotile, and urea - P. acnes: aerotolerant, catalase +, indole + P. propionicum: not aerotolerant, catalase -, indole -
34
Bifidobacterium spp. characteristics
Catalase -, indole -, nitrate -, esculin +, nonmotile, urea -, and variably aerotolerant
35
Eubacterium spp. characteristics
GS: can have branching nitrate -, arginine stimulates growth, catalase -, indole -, nonmotile, urea -, and strictly anaerobic
36
Lactobacillus spp. characteristics
catalase -, indole -, nitrate -, nonmotile, urea -, lactic acid is a major product; most are facultatively anaerobic
37
Mobiluncus spp. characteristics
strictly anaerobic, catalase -, indole -, esculin -, motile, urea - Key: motile while other non-spore forming GPR are all nonmotile
38
How are microaerophilic streptococcus spp. differentiated from anaerobic streptococcus
Metronidazole: microaerophilic are resistant and anaerobic are susceptible
39
Finegoldia magna (Peptostreptococcus previously) characteristics
SPS resistant, indole -, urease -, cells are > 0.6 um
40
Parvimonas micra (Peptostreptococcus previously) characteristics
SPS resistant, indole -, urease -, cells < 0.6 um
41
Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus (Peptostreptococcus previously) characteristics
SPS resistant, indole +, urease -, cells < 0.6 um
42
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
SPS susceptible, indole -, urease -, cells < 0.6 um
43
Peptococcus niger characteristics
black pigmented colonies and catalase +
44
Bacteroides spp. diseases
can cause abscesses, mainly intra-abdominal, perineal, and perirectal B. fragilis group causes bacteremia
45
B. fragilis group general biochemicals
Resistant to vanc, kanamycin, and colistin Grows in 20% bile, nitrate -, and urea -
46
Other Bacteroides spp. biochemicals
Resistant to vanc and kanamycin, but variable for colistin and growth in bile, nitrate -, urea -
47
How are the species within the Bacteroides fragilis group differentiated from each other?
B. fragilis: esculin +, catalase +, indole -, Arabinose -, salicin - B. ovatus: esculin +, catalase +, indole +, arabinose +, salicin + B. thetaiotaomicron: esculin +, catalase +, indole +, arabinose +, salicin - B. vulgatus: esculin -, catalase -, indole -, arabinose +, salicin -
48
Fusobacterium spp. diseases
F. nucleatum: most frequently isolated; associated with Lemierre's syndrome (necrobacillosis) and can cause severe peritonsillar abscesses that lead to neck infections, jugular vein thrombophlebitis, and bacteremia Other spp. are associated with intra-abdominal infections
49
Fusobacterium spp. biochemicals
All spp.: Resistant to vanc. and susceptible to kanamycin and colistin, catalase -, nitrate -, urea - F. mortiferum: grows in 20% bile, indole - F. necrophorum: variable bile growth, indole + F. nucleatum: no growth in bile, indole + F. varium: grows in bile, indole variable
50
Veillonella spp. diseases and biochemicals
can cause head/neck, respiratory, and bite infections Resistant to vanc. and susceptible to kanamycin and colistin, does not grow in bile, indole -, nitrate +, urea - Only one that is nitrate + for GN anaerobes
51
Prevotella spp. diseases and biochemicals
commonly found in the oral cavity and are associated with genitourinary tract infections Resistant to both vanc. and kanamycin but variable for colistin, does not grow in bile, catalase -, nitrate -, urea -
52
Porphyromonas spp. biochemicals
asaccharolytic, Resistant to kanamycin and colistin and susceptible to vanc., does not grow in bile, nitrate -, urea - Only GN anaerobe that is susceptible to vancomycin

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