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Bacteriology > GNR: Enterbacterales + Vibrionaceae > Flashcards

GNR: Enterbacterales + Vibrionaceae Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Enterics

A

facultatively anaerobic GNRs, fermenters, metabolize glucose, oxidase negative, reduce nitrate, catalase positive

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2
Q

E. coli diseases

A

1 cause of UTIs, bacteremia, meningitis, and diarrhea

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3
Q

Which strains of E. coli cause gastrointestinal disease?

A

STEC (O157/non-O157), ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, and EAEC

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4
Q

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli symptoms/risks

A

mild diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (bloody diarrhea), or no symptoms; can develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can lead to kidney failure

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5
Q

Other strains of E. coli symptoms

A

ETEC: traveler’s diarrhea
EPEC: infantile diarrhea (<5 yrs)
EIEC: dysentery-like disease
EAEC: associated with chronic, persistent diarrhea

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6
Q

Which enterics are diarrheal pathogens (cause diarrheal disease whenever present)

A

Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica/pseudotuberculosis, Campy jejuni/coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Edwardsiella tarda

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7
Q

How is E. coli O157 differentiated from other E. coli strains?

A

E. coli O157 is sorbitol negative, so a special media with sorbitol can be used (Sorbitol MAC) where O157 will be clear

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8
Q

Shigella spp. diseases and symptoms

A

Shigellosis- invades the intestinal mucosa leading to abdominal pain, fever, watery diarrhea that can be bloody
Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s chronic syndrome- associated with serogroup B

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9
Q

Edwardsiella tarda diseases

A

uncommon cause of infections, but can cause diarrhea, wound infections, and bacteremia; associated with cold-blooded animals (snakes and turtles)

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10
Q

Which medical conditions increase the likelihood for a systemic infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda?

A

Patients with liver disease or conditions with iron overload; immunocompromised people can develop myonecrosis and liver abscesses in addition to systemic disease

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11
Q

Salmonella enterica diseases and symptoms

A

Gastroenteritis- food poisoning, causing nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (usually self limiting)
Enteric fever- S. typhi (typhoid fever), S. paratyphi A/B (paratyphoid fever), or S. cholerasuis; fever, prostration, bacteremia, and organ failure
Other infections include bacteremia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and endocarditis

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12
Q

Symptoms of Typhoid fever

A

More severe than the other enteric fevers; can have “rose spot” (red lesions on the abdomen) along with other enteric fever symptoms; blood is usually positive the first week, but stool and urine are more likely to be positive the second and third week

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13
Q

Citrobacter spp. diseases

A

UTIs, wound, respiratory, bacteremia, endocarditis, septicemia, meningitis, and brain abscesses

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14
Q

Enterobacter spp. diseases

A

associated with contaminated medical devices

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15
Q

Klebsiella spp. diseases

A

UTIs, respiratory (pneumonia), bloodstream; K. granulomatis is an STD

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16
Q

Symptoms of Klebsiella granulomatis infection

A

causes granuloma inguinale/donovanosis, leading to genital ulcers/painless lesion that bleed easily

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17
Q

How is a Klebsiella granulomatis infection diagnosed?

A

Need egg yolk growth factors to grow, so lesion scrapings are stained with Wright or Giemsa stain along with clinical manifestation for diagnosis; blue rods with prominent polar granules (safety pin)

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18
Q

Serratia marcescens diseases

A

causes healthcare infections and associated with medical devices and solutions; resistant to a lot of disinfectants

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19
Q

Pantoea agglomerans diseases

A

associated with traumatic injury from objects contaminated with soil

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20
Q

Hafnia alvei diseases

A

causes opportunistic infections and abscesses in the biliary tree

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21
Q

Which genera are included in the Proteeae group and what biochemical does this group have?

A

Proteus spp., Morganella spp., and Providencia; all three are positive for phenylalanine deaminase and lactose negative

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22
Q

Proteus spp. diseases

A

UTIs, wound infections, and ear infections; associated with diarrhea and sepsis

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23
Q

Morganella spp. diseases

A

associated with diarrhea

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24
Q

Providencia spp. diseases

A

associated with nosocomial infections, UTIs, and diarrhea in children

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25
Yersinia pestis diseases and symptoms
causes plague (from rodents or infected fleas); bubonic plague- fever and swollen lymph nodes (buboes); pneumonic plague- infections of the respiratory tract from inhalation of droplets
26
Yersinia enterocolitica diseases and symptoms
causes enterocolitis and can mimic acute appendicitis because of mesenteric lymphadenitis
27
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis diseases and symptoms
rarely causes human disease; primarily found in rodents, rabbits, and wild birds
28
Appearance of E. coli on different agars
EMB: metallic green MAC: pink SS: pink HEK: yellow-orange XLD: yellow
29
Appearance of Klebsiella and Enterobacter on different agars
EMB: blue-black MAC: pink SS: pink HEK: yellow-orange XLD: yellow
30
Appearance of Shigella spp. on different agars
EMB: colorless MAC: colorless SS: colorless HEK: green XLD: red
31
Appearance of Salmonella spp. on different agars
EMB: colorless MAC: colorless SS: colorless w/ black center HEK: green/blue w/ black center XLD: red w/ black center
32
Appearance of Proteeae, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Hafnia on different agars
EMB: lavender or colorless MAC: colorless to slightly pink SS: colorless w/ or w/o black centers HEK: green to salmon w/ or w/o black centers XLD: red or yellow w/ or w/o black centers
33
E. coli biochemicals
Positive: lactose, ONPG, indole, methyl red, motile, lysine Negative: VP, citrate, urea, H2S TSI: A/AG-
34
Shigella spp. biochemicals
Positive: Methyl red Negative: lactose, H2S, VP, citrate, arginine, lysine, ornithine, motility, urea Indole variable TSI: K/A-
35
Shigella sonnei vs other spp.
ONPG positive because it is a late lactose fermenter and it is ornithine positive
36
Salmonella spp. biochemicals
Positive: H2S, methyl red, citrate, lysine, ornithine, and motile Negative: lactose, indole, VP, urea TSI: K/AG+
37
Salmonella typhi biochemicals
Positive: H2S (slight), methyl red, motile, lysine Negative: lactose, citrate, ornithine, VP, indole TSI: K/A+ (no gas)
38
Edwardsiella tarda biochemicals
Positive: H2S, indole, methyl red, lysine, ornithine, motile Negative: lactose, VP, citrate, arginine, urea TSI: K/AG+
39
Citrobacter spp. biochemicals
Positive: ONPG, methyl red, citrate, motile Negative: lysine, VP, urea TSI: V/A and variable for gas and H2S
40
Citrobacter freundii vs Citrobacter braakii vs Citrobacter youngae vs Citrobacter koseri
C. freundii- indole negative, H2S positive, ornithine negative C. braakii- indole negative, ornithine positive C. youngae- ornithine negative, indole v C. koseri- indole positive, ornithine positive
41
Klebsiella spp. biochemicals
Positive: gas, lysine, lactose, VP, citrate, urea Negative: H2S, ornithine, nonmotile TSI: A/AG-
42
Klebsiella pneumoniae vs Klebsiella oxytoca
K. pneumoniae is indole negative while K. oxytoca is indole positive
43
Enterobacter spp. biochemicals
Positive: gas, ornithine, VP, citrate, lactose, ONPG Negative: H2S, indole, methyl red TSI: A/AG-
44
Enterobacter aerogenes vs Enterobacter cloacae
E. aerogenes- lysine positive and arginine negative E. cloacae- lysine negative and arginine positive
45
Serratia marcescens biochemicals
Positive: motile, ONPG, citrate, VP, lysine, ornithine, lactose, sucrose Negative: H2S, indole, urea, gas, arginine TSI: A/A
46
Proteus spp. biochemicals
Positive: urea, motile, H2S, methyl red, phenylalanine, gas Negative: lactose, arginine, lysine, VP TSI: K/AG+ or A/AG+ if sucrose positive strain
47
Proteus mirabilis vs Proteus vulgaris
P. mirabilis: indole negative, ornithine positive, citrate positive, sucrose negative, gelatin negative, maltose negative P. vulgaris: indole positive, ornithine negative, citrate negative, sucrose positive, gelatin positive, maltose positive P. mirabilis is also susceptible to ampicillin while vulgaris is resistant
48
Proteus hauseri and Proteus penneri specific biochemicals
P. hauseri: indole positive, ornithine negative, maltose positive P. penneri: indole negative, ornithine negative, maltose negative
49
Providencia spp. biochemicals
Positive: indole, methyl red, citrate, phenylalanine, motile Negative: lactose, H2S, VP, arginine, lysine, ornithine TSI: V/A V-
50
Providencia specific spp. biochemicals
P. alcalifaciens: indole +, maltose +, urea - P. heimbachae: indole -, urea - P. rettgeri: indole +, urea +, maltose - P. stuartii: indole +, urea v, maltose - P. rustigianii: indole +, urea -, maltose -
51
Morganella morganii biochemicals
Positive: indole, urea, ornithine, methyl red, phenylalanine, motile Negative: lactose, H2S, VP, citrate, arginine, lysine TSI: K/AG-
52
Hafnia alvei biochemicals
Positive: citrate, motile, lysine, ornithine Negative: indole, H2S, urea, arginine TSI: K/AG-
53
Yersinia spp biochemicals
Positive: methyl red Negative: oxidase, lactose, H2S, VP, citrate, lysine, arginine TSI: based on spp. - Y. entercolitica A/A- - Y. pseuodotuberculosis K/A-
54
Yersinia pestis vs Yersinia enterocolitica vs Yersinia pseudotuberculosis biochemicals
Y. pestis: indole -, nonmotile, urea -, ornithine -, sucrose -, rhamnose - Y. enterocolitica: indole v, motile, urea +, ornithine +, sucrose +, rhamnose -, ONPG + Y. pseudotuberculosis: indole -, motile, urea +, ornithine -, sucrose -, rhamnose +
55
Yersinia enterocolitica vs Shigella sonnei vs Aeromonas spp.
Y. enterocolitica is urea positive, sucrose positive, rhamanose negative, and sorbitol positive S. sonnei is urea negative, sucrose negative, rhamanose positive, and sorbitol negative Aeromonas is oxidase positive
56
Plesiomonas shigelloides biochemicals
Positive: oxidase, motile, indole, ONPG, lysine, arginine, ornithine, methyl red, catalase, inositol Negative: VP, H2S, urea, citrate, gas TSI: A/A- does not grow on amp containing agars
57
Raoultella spp. biochemicals
Positive: VP, ONPG, 10C growth Negative: 44C growth
58
Raoultella ornithinolytica vs. R. planticola vs. R. terrigena
R. ornithinolytica- indole positive and ornithine positive R. planticola- ornithine negative and indole variable R. terrigena- indole negative and ornithine negative
59
How are Vibrio infections usually aquired?
Usually occur after raw fish consumption or wounds in contact with contaminated fish. Cases increase in warmer months
60
Which species are Vibrio causes endemic, epidemic, and pandemic cholera?
Vibrio cholerae, which has 2 biotypes (classical O1 and E1 Tor). E1 Tor caused the last pandemic while O1 caused the ones before it.
61
Vibrio cholerae diseases
causes both intestinal and extraintestinal infections. Gastroenteritis can be asymptomatic to fatal from dehydration; causes watery diarrhea ("rice water" diarrhea- colorless and contain mucus flecks). Extraintestinal infections include bacteremia, wound infections, and ear infections
62
Which toxins does Vibrio cholerae have?
Cholera toxin (CT): causes mucosal cells to hypersecrete water and electrolytes into the lumen of the GI tract leading to dehydration and watery diarrhea; does not penetrate the mucosal barrier so no blood Zonula occludens toxin (ZOT): disrupts the tight junctions of the intestinal cells, decreasing tissue resistance Toxin coregulated pili (TCP): allows bacilli to attach to mucosal cells for CT release
63
Which Vibrio species is associated with liver disease and raw oysters?
V. vulnificus causes septicemia and wound infections usually after handling raw oysters; it mainly affects those with liver disease due to the increased availability of iron
64
Which species of Vibrio is associated with infections following exposure to sea water?
V. alginolyticus causes ear and wound infections after exposure to sea water
65
General characteristics of Vibrio spp.
motile, oxidase positive, ferment glucose (except V. metschnikovii), all of nlf (except V. vulnificus), indole positive
66
Which species of Vibrio require only 0.5% NaCl to grow while other need a higher concentration?
V. cholerae and V. mimicus
67
Which agar should be used for Vibrio isolation and differentiation?
TCBS: species that ferment sucrose will be yellow while those that do not are green
68
Biochemicals for key Vibrio spp.
V. alginolyticus: ONPG -, ADH -, LDC +, ODC var, Sucrose + V. cholerae: ONPG +, ADH -, LDC +, ODC +, Sucrose +, VP +, TSI: A/A- V. parahaemolyticus: ONPG -, ADH -, LDC +, ODC +, Sucrose -, VP -, TSI: K/A- V. vulnificus: ONPG var, ADH -, LDC +, ODC var, Sucrose -, only species that is salicin +, VP -, A/A-
69
What is the string test?
The string test is used to differentiate between Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas; organisms are emulsified in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, which will lyse Vibrio cells. The lysed Vibrio cells will release DNA, which can be pulle dup into a string with a loop
70
Aeromonas spp. diseases
causes infections when contaminated food/water is ingested, disrupted skin is exposed to contaminated water, or traumatic inoculation of fish fins or fishing hooks; can cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, necrotizing fasciitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, wound infections, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Can lead to HUS and kidney disease
71
General Biochemicals for Aeromonas spp.
indole positive, oxidase positive, motile, often lactose or sucrose positive, does not grow in salt, ODC negative, Resistant to O/129, inositol negative, TSI: A/AG-
72
What has led to an increase in Aeromonas infections?
natural disasters such as flooding and tsunamis have led to an increase in infections; it is also associated with leech therapy
73
Which medias can be used for Aeromonas?
CIN w/ cefsulodin, Ampicillin blood agar (except for A. trota which is Susceptible to amp), Aeromonas agar (contains D-xylose to differentiate it from Yersinia and Citrobacter and Oxidase test can be done unlike CIN agar)
74
Which Aeromonas species in ADH negative?
A. veronii biovar veronii is the only negative species (biovar sorbia is positive)
75
Which Aeromonas species in ODC positive?
A. veronii biovar veronii is the only positive species (biovar sorbia is negative)
76
A. caviae biochemicals
Positive: esculin, salacin, and KCN Negative: gas and VP
77
A. hydrophila biochemicals
Positive: esculin, salacin, gas, VP, and KCN
78
A. veronii biochemicals
Positive: gas and VP Negative: esculin, salacin, and KCN
79
Helicobacter spp. diseases
H. pylori causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer Other helicobacters can cause proctocolitis, gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis, skin rashes, and bacteremia
80
Helicobacter spp. biochemicals
All are oxidase +, catalase +, microaerophilic, grows at 37C, and motile H. pylori: urease +, nitrate -, resistant to nalidixic acid H. cinaedi: urease -, nitrate +, susceptible to nalidixic acid H. fennelliae: urease -, nitrate -, susceptible to nalidixic acid
81
What tests can be done to identify H. pylori?
Urease tests- biopsy test where biopsy is incubated in Christensen's urea medium for 2 hours (pink is +) or breath test where a patient drink a solution with 14C labeled urea and then 14CO2 is detected
82
Campylobacter spp. diseases
Febrile systemic disease, periodontal disease, and most commonly gastroenteritis (Campy jejuni is the most common bacterial enteric pathogen and causes infections during summer and early fall)
83
Biochemicals for select Campylobacter species
C. coli: NG at 25C and growth at 42C, hippurate -, H2S -, nitrate +, Resist cephalothin and Suscept Nalidixic acid C. jejuni: NG at 25C and growth at 42C. hippurate +, H2S -, Resist cephalothin and Suscept Nalidixic acidC. fetus: growth at 25C and NG at 42C, hippurate -, H2S -, nitrate +, Suscept cephalothin and resist nalidixic acid
84
How are the subspecies of C. jejuni differentiated from each other?
C. jejuni sub. jejuni is nitrate positive while C. jejuni sub. doylei is negative
85
General characteristics of Campy spp.
seagull wing appearance on GS, oxidase positive, motile, catalase positive, urease -

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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