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Analgesics Flashcards

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1
Q

Dull, poorly localized pain

A

Type C - unmyelinated

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2
Q

Sharp, localized pain

A

Type A - Delta

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3
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

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4
Q

Basic response to tissue injury

A

Inflammation

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5
Q

Increases permeability of blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

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6
Q

______ inflammation must be reduced to avoid additional damage to the body.

A

Severe

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7
Q

Pain sensation starts with____?

A

transduction and then carried to CNS

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8
Q

Two main groups of Anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Steroidal and Non-steroidal

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9
Q

Block the action of phospholipase

A

Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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10
Q

Block the action of cyclooxygenase

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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11
Q

NSAID’s two forms

A

Cox-1 and Cox-2

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12
Q

Cox-1

A

Involved with modulation of renal blood flow and synthesis of gastric mucosa.

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13
Q

Cox-2

A

Involved with inflammation by promoting prostaglandin formation from cell membrane arachadonic acid.

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14
Q

NSAID’s are also referred to as?

A

prostaglandin inhibitors

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15
Q

What has fewer side effects than glucocorticoids?

A

NSAIDs

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16
Q

Side effects of NSAIDs?

A

GI ulceration and bleeding and bone marrow suppression.

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17
Q

Other adverse side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, inhibition of cartilage metabolism, reduced platelet aggregation.

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18
Q

Potent inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase?

A

Salicylates aka acetylsalicylates (aspirin)

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19
Q

Uses of Salicylates

A 
Mild to Moderate pain
Postadulticide HW treatment
Analgesia/antipyrexia
Feline cardiomyopathy
Endotoxic shock
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20
Q

What drug are cats very susceptible to overdosing?

What side effect can this drug cause in dogs?

A

Salicylates (NSAID)

GI problems

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21
Q

Pyrazolone derivatives

A

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

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22
Q

Phenylbutazone is…?

A

Analgesic for mild to moderate pain, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. Used for musculoskeletal pain in equine and canine medicine. Inject by IV only but can also be given orally. (NSAID)

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23
Q

Flunixin meglumin is…?

A

Inhibits cyclooxygenase, used in cattle and horses for musculoskeletal and colic pain, potent analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. (NSAID)

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24
Q

What drug inactivates superoxide radicals produced by inflammation?

A

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)(NSAID)

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25
Dimethyl sulfoxide is also able to...?
Penetrate skin, and serve as a carrier of other drugs. May cause burning and must use caution when applying.
26
Buscopan compositum (NSAID)
Contains dipyrone, is used for abdominal pain in colic, and penetrates the skin like DMSO.
27
What drug has a limited use in VM and should never be given to cats?
Acetominophen (NSAID)
28
Adverse side effects of Acetominophen?
Formation of methemoglobin and cyanosis, anemia and liver damage.
29
What drug blocks both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase?
Proprionic acid derivatives (NSAID)
30
Examples of proprionic acid derivatives?
Ibuprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, and naproxen.
31
Side effects of proprionic acid derivatives?
GI problems, possible liver toxicities, not recommended for use in cats.
32
What drug inhibits cyclooxygenase (more selective for Cox-2)?
Indol acetic acid derivatives (NSAID)
33
Indol acetic acid derivatives is...?
An analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Example: Etodolac- benefit of once-a-day dosing. (NSAID)
34
Labelled for use with orthopedic pain in canines >4#?
Deracoxib Ex: Deramaxx (NSAID)
35
Previcoxx contains...?
Firacoxib (NSAID)
36
Rapidly disintegrating and labeled to block both arms of pain cascade.
Tepoxalin Ex: Zubrin (NSAID)
37
Types of NSAIDs
``` Polysulfonated glycosaminglycans Hyaluronate sodium Legend Selenium Vitamin E Cosequin ```
38
Opiod Agonists
Relieve pain by binding with specific receptor sites in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral tissue. Block or inhibit pain impulses to CNS. Most effective drug to relieve moderate to severe pain. Produce respiratory depression, sedation and addiction.
39
What drug relieves pain by binding with specific receptor sites in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral tissue?
Opiod Agonists
40
What drug blocks or inhibits pain impulses to the CNS?
Opiod Agonists
41
What drug is the most effective for moderate to severe pain?
Opiod Agonists
42
What drug produces respiratory depression, sedation and addiction?
Opiod Agonists
43
Class C-II drugs?
Opiod Agonists
44
Opiod Agonists-Antagonists
Bind with Kappa receptors Antagonize Mu receptors Effective for mild to moderate pain Most are C-IV
45
What drug binds with kappa receptors and antagonize mu receptors?
Opiod Agonists-Antagonists
46
Class C-IV drugs?
Opiod Agonists-Antagonists
47
Opiod Partial Agonists
Bind to mu receptors but only partially activate them Useful for mild to moderate pain Buprenorphrine is the primary drug in category May be administered sublingually in cats
48
Buprenorphine is the primary drug in what category?
Opiod Partial Agonists
49
Other pain control agents?
Ketamine, alpha-2-agonists, lidocaine, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants.
50
What drug prevents histamine from combining with tissue receptors?
Antihistamines
51
Released by mast cells when stimulated by IgE?
Histamine
52
What drug causes vasodilation of small vessels, smooth muscle spasms, and increased secretion from glands?
Antihistamines
53
_______ inhibits the effects of inflammatory response spread but does not inhibit formation of prostaglandins.
Antihistamines
54
Antihistamines
Prevents histamine from combining with tissue receptors. Released by mast cells when stimulated by IgE Causes vasodilation of small vessels, smooth muscle spasms, and increased secretion from glands Inhibits the effects of inflammatory response spread but does not inhibit formation of prostaglandins.
55
Muscle Relaxers
Skeletal muscle relaxers used to aid the treatment of acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions. Believed to decrease muscle hyperactivity without interfering with normal muscle tone.
56
What drugs are believed to decrease muscle hyperactivity without interfering with normal muscle tone?
Muscle relaxers
57
What drug is used to aid the treatment of acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions?
Muscle relaxers
58
Example of a muscle relaxer?
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
59
Hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex.
Corticosteroids
60
Two groups of corticosteroids.
Gulcocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
61
Glucocorticoids
Have anti-inflammatory effects due to their inhibition of phospholipase. Raise the concentration of liver glycogen and increase blood glucose. Affect carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Regulated by negative feedback.
62
What drug has anti-inflammatory effects due to their inhibition of phospholipase?
Glucocorticoids
63
What drug raises the concentration of liver glycogen and increase blood glucose?
Glucocorticoids
64
What drug affects carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism?
Glucocorticoids
65
What drug is regulated by negative feedback?
Glucocorticoids
66
Glucocorticoids are categorized by...?
Short acting (duration of action < 12 hours) Ex: Cortisone and hydrocortisone Intermediate-acting (duration of action 12-36 hours) Ex: Prednisone, prednisolone, methylpredisolone Long-acting (duration of > 36 hours) Ex: Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Fluocinolone
67
Glucocorticoids can be given...?
Orally, parenterally, and topically
68
Benefits of Glucocorticoid use?
Reduce pain and inflammation, relieve pruritis, reduce scarring by delayed wound healing, reduce tissue damage.
69
Drawbacks of Glucocorticoid use?
Delay wound healing, increase risk of infection, may cause GI ulceration and bleeding, increase the risk of corneal ulceration if corneal damage exists, and may induce abortion in some species.
70
Taper animals off glucocorticoids to prevent...?
iatrogenic Addison's disease.
71
Use alternate-day dosing at the lowest possible doses to prevent...?
iatrogenic Cushing's disease.
72
Glucocorticoids do not cure ________ and may help disseminate__________.
Diseases, infectious microorganisms.
73
Special anesthetic agents
Nerve blocks Local anesthetics Epidurals Paravertebral blocks
74
______ or ______ anesthesia can be used to relieve pain.
Local, topical

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