Flashcards in Anti-infectives Deck (104)
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1
Microbes are...?
Organisms too small to be seen by the unassisted eyes.
2
Some microbes have ________ potential.
Pathogenic
3
Antimicrobials
Drugs developed to fight infections caused by microbes.
4
Not all antimicrobials have the same ____________________
Degree of effectiveness
5
Mechanisms of action for antimicrobials.
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
6
The goal of antimicrobials is...?
To render the microbe helpless (either by killing them or inhibiting their replication) and not to hurt the animal being treated.
7
Susceptibility of organism determined in lab or ______.
in vitro
8
Use of drug and the response is _______
in vivo
9
Differentiate microbes by...?
Cell wall staining abilities
Special techniques
Aerobic and anaerobic environments
Describe drugs by spectrum of activity- broad vs. narrow
10
Antimicrobials can be classified as....?
Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antivirals
Antiprotozoals
Antiparasitics
11
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
Work only on either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria (not both).
12
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Work on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (but not necessarily all)
13
What drug works only on bacteria and are best described by their spectrum of action?
Antibiotics
14
Antibiotics can be classified as...?
Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic
15
Bactericidals
Kill the bacteria.
16
Bacteriostatics
Inhibit the growth or replication of bacteria.
17
Antibiotic residue is...?
The presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products.
18
The presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products is?
Antibiotic residue.
19
Antibiotic residues can cause...?
Allergic reactions in people or can produce resistant bacteria that can be transferred to people who consume these products.
20
____________ for antibiotics are aimed at eliminating antibiotic residues in food-producing animals.
Withdrawal time.
21
Antimicrobials should not be used for?
Minor infections.
22
What is important when using Antimicrobials?
Asepsis
23
Antimicrobial use should be based on...?
Definitive diagnosis.
24
_______ use for _______ problems.
Local
25
Antimicrobials should be administered __________
At full therapeutic doses.
26
Penicillins
Prepared solutions precipitate when stored
Solutions must be refrigerated.
Orals are absorbed in the stomach and duodenum.
Parenterals are absorbed at the injection site
Excreted through kidneys but also metabolized through the liver.
Specific withdrawal times as secreted in milk.
27
Penicillins are excreted through _______ but also metabolized through __________.
kidneys, liver
28
Oral penicillins are absorbed in?
The stomach and duodenum.
29
Penicllins have a short shelf life of ______?
7-14 days
30
Penicillins bind with _________ involved in cell wall ________ and __________ ultimately causing _______.
enzymes, synthesis, lysis
31
Penicillins have __________ structures that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
beta-lactam
32
Beta-lactamase
enzyme produced by some bacteria rendering penicillin useless.
33
Penicillin is more effective against?
Gram-positive organisms
34
Adverse side effects of penicillin?
Allergic reactions, v/d, enteritis, hives or respiratory distress.
35
Amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium
Beta-lactam abic and beta- lactamase inhibitor
Broad spectrum
Skin, urinary tract, wound and respiratory infections
36
Beta lactam abic and beta-lactamase inhibitor
Amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium
37
Cephalosporins
Classified into generations
Poor absorption through gastrointestinal tract
Distribute through all tissues/fluids except CNS
Metabolize in liver, excreted through kidneys
Ability to penetrate cell wall determines spectrum of activity.
Semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotics that are structurally related to the penicillins.
Have beta-lactam ring.
38
What drug has poor absorption through the gastrointestinal tract?
Cephalosporins
39
What drug is distributed through all tissues/fluids except the CNS?
Cephalosporins
40
What drug has the ability penetrate cell wall determines to determine the spectrum of activity ?
Cephalosporins
41
What drug is semi-synthetic, broad spectrum antibiotic that are structurally related to penicillins?
Cephalosporins
42
Cephalosporins are metabolized in the ______ excreted through the _______, and may be excreted through the _______ system into feces.
liver, kidney, biliary
43
What drug has the beta-lactam ring?
Cephalosporins
44
Tetracyclines
Quickly distribute throughout tissues and fluids, sometimes the CNS.
Can bind to calcium and be deposited in growing bones and teeth or bind components of antacids and other mineral-containing compounds.
Broad spectrum.
45
Tetracyclines are used to treat?
Respiratory, urinary tract, ricksettsial infections and bacterial enteritis.
46
Tetracycline drugs are -______ except at high dose concentrations then -_______
-static, -cidal
47
Adverse side effects of tetracyclines?
Renal problems when used at high doses, formation of bones/teeth in young; never IV to horses, fever in cats.
48
What drug can bind to calcium and be deposited in growing bones and teeth, or bind components of antacids and other mineral-containing compounds?
Tetracyclines
49
Tetracycline drug GI absorption can be greatly reduced by?
Presence of food, milk and antacids.
50
Tetracyclines are eliminated through?
Kidneys primarily but also liver.
51
Aminoglycosides
Broad spectrum, should be limited to gram-negative.
Very effective against anaerobes.
ONLY parenteral administration.
Distributed quickly into extracellular fluid.
Eliminated through kidneys.
52
What drug works similarly to tetracyclines?
Aminoglycosides
53
Aminoglycosides are used to treat?
Pneumonia, endometritis, UTI's, bacterial enteritis, conjunctivitis, skin and soft tissue infections, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity.
54
Aminoglycosides are excreted?
Through the kidneys.
55
Aminoglycosides are ONLY administered?
Parenterally
56
Fluoroquinones
Broad spectrum
-Cidal
Readily absorbed and distributed
Metabolized by the liver and eliminated through the kidneys and sometimes bile
Used to treat bacterial skin and soft tissue respiratory infections in dogs and cats
Cystitis in dogs
Respiratory disease in bovines
Reduce mortality associated with E. coli
Pasturella multocida
57
What drug is broad spectrum and -cidal?
Fluoroquinones
58
Fluoroquinones are metabolized by the _______ and eliminated through the ______ and sometimes ______.
liver, kidneys, bile
59
Adverse side effects of Fluoroquinones
Formation of lesions in the joint articular cartilage during rapid growth phase of dogs.
CNS stimulation
Safety in breeding or pregnant dogs has not been determined
Not for use in dairy cattle or veal calves
Not for use in egg laying hens for human consumption
60
What drug treats Pasturella multocida?
Fluoroquinones
61
Chloramphenicol
Broad spectrum
Readily absorbed into tissue and body fluids
Used to treat respiratory, urinary infections, enteritis, conjunctivitis
Metabolized by liver
Excreted by kidneys
Has toxic side effects that extremely limit use
Use caution when handling this product
62
Fluoroquinones are _______
-cidal
63
Chloramphenicol drugs are used to treat?
Respiratory infections
Urinary infections
Enteritis
Conjunctivitis
64
Chloramphenicol drugs are metabolized by the ______ and excreted through the ______?
liver, kidneys
65
What drug has toxic side effects that extremely limit use (bone marrow depression) and need caution when handling this product?
Chloramphenicol
66
Macrolides and Lincosamides
Gram positives primarily (macrolides)
Deep wounds, abscesses, anaerobic infections ^(lincosamide)^
Used to treat penicillin-resistant infections or in animals that have allergic reactions to penicillins
67
What drug/drugs is used to treat penicillin-resistant infections or in animals that have allergic reactions to penicillin?
Macrolides and Lincosamides
68
Macrolides are primarily __________
Gram-positive
69
Lincosamides are best for?
Deep wounds, abscesses, anaerobic infections
70
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin
Topical administration primarily
Skin and ophthalmic applications
Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity if administered parenterally
71
What drug, if administered parenterally, will cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity?
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin
72
What drug is topically administered primarily?
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin
73
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin are drugs with applications such as _____ and ____________
skin, ophthalmic
74
Sulfonamides
Broad spectrum
Used for protozoal infections (coccidia)
Used to treat acute UTI's, respiratory tract infections, wounds and foot rot
Side effects include crystalluria, KCS and skin rashes
Limited use in food producing animals due to residues in meat, milk and eggs
75
What drug is broad spectrum and used for protozoal infections such as coccidia?
Sulfonamides
76
Sulfonamides are used to treat?
Acute UTI's, respiratory tract infections, wounds and foot rot
77
Adverse side effects of Sulfonamides
Crystalluria, KCS and skin rashes
78
What drug is limited in use by food producing animals due to residues in meat, milk and eggs?
Sulfonamides
79
Two groups of fungi
Superficial and systemic
80
Four groups of Antifungal drugs
Polyene
Imidazole
Antimetabolic
Superficial agents
81
Amphotericin B is a type of?
Polyene (Antifungal)
82
Amphotericin B
Either -cidal or -static
Treats systemic infections
Multiple adverse side effects: anorexia, vomiting, seizures, anemia, and cardiac arrest
Administered in 5% dextrose
Monitor renal function closely
83
What drug must you monitor renal function closely?
Amphotericin B
84
What drug is either -cidal or -static and treats systemic infections?
Amphotericin B
85
Adverse side effects of Amphotericin B?
anorexia, vomiting, seizures, anemia, and cardiac arrest
86
What drug is administered a IV in 5% dextrose?
Amphotericin B
87
Nystatin
Type of Polyene
Primarily treats candidiasis
Adverse side effects uncommon
88
What drug primarily treats candidiasis?
Nystatin
89
Two types of Polyene
Amphotericin B and Nystatin
90
Superficial agents
Griseofulvin
Superficial dermatophytes
Do not give to pregnant animals
Absorption maximized with ingestion of fatty meal
Adverse side effects uncommon
91
Griseofulvin is a type of?
Superficial agent
92
What drug is used for superficial dermatphytes?
Superficial agents
93
What type of drug has maximized absorption with the ingestion of fatty meal?
Superficial agents
94
Antivirals
Limited use in VM
No approved drugs so use human meds
Used to treat FeLV -associated disease, and ophthalmic infections
Topical and systemic use
Acyclovir for feline herpes and avian Pacheco's
May cause leucopenia and anemia in cats
Tissue necrosis at injection site in birds
95
What drug has limited use and has no approved drugs so we have to use human medicines?
Antivirals
96
Antivirals are used to treat?
FeLV -associated disease, and ophthalmic infections
97
What drug has topical and systemic use?
Antivirals
98
Acyclovir is used for?
Feline herpes and avian Pacheco's
99
Antivirals has ______ and ______ use.
Topical, systemic
100
What drug may cause leucopenia in cats and avian Pacheco's?
Acyclovir (Antivirals)
101
Types of Disinfectants
Alcohols
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Chlorines
Iodines
Phenols
Quaternary compounds
Biguanide compounds
102
Disinfectants are used primarily for ______ and destroy _________
Inanimate objects, disease producing agents
103
Types of Antiseptics
Biguanide compounds
Soaps
Organic mercury compounds
Gluteraldehyde
104
