Hormone, Endocrine, Repro Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
The endocrine system is composed of ___________ that secrete chemical messengers called __________ into the blood.
A
ductless glands, hormones
2
Q
The endocrine system is controlled by a?
A
Feedback mechanism
3
Q
The endocrine system consists includes?
A
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland and other endocrine glands
4
Q
Hormones are?
A
Chemical substances produced by cells in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where they influence cellular activity.
5
Q
Two major control systems linked together by the hypothalamus?
A
Nervous and endocrine
6
Q
Endocrine glands
A
Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas, kidneys
7
Q
Hormones administered for two basic reasons
A
Correct a deficiency and achieve a desired effect
8
Q
Administered hormones
A
Exogenous
9
Q
Naturally produced
A
Endogenous
10
Q
Endogenous hormones are?
A
Naturally produced
11
Q
Exogenous hormones are?
A
Administered
12
Q
Master gland
A
Pituitary
13
Q
Two lobes of the pituitary
A
Adenohypophysis
Nerohypophysis
14
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Exerts control over anterior pituitary lobe
Uses releasing hormones of factors
15
Q
The anterior pituitary lobe releases ______ hormones into the circulation.
A
trophic
16
Q
Anterior pituitary lobe stimulates?
A
target organs
17
Q
Feedback loops may be either?
A
Positive or negative
18
Q
What feedback loop is more common?
A
Negative
19
Q
What feedback loop responds to low or high levels of hormone in the body?
A
Negative
20
Q
What feedback look occurs when hormone levels continue to rise in response to stimuli?
A
Positive
21
Q
What gland is controlled by hypothalamus by releasing factors?
A
Pituitary
22
Q
Anterior pituitary lobe
A
Adenohypophysis
23
Q
Posterior pituitary lobe
A
Neurohypophysis
24
Q
Adenohypophysis releases _______ hormones
A
TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, LTH, and GH
25
Adenohypophysis is _____ acting
indirect
26
What part of the pituitary gland causes target organ to release another hormone to cause an action?
Anterior/ Adenohypophysis
27
What part of the pituitary gland secretes ADH and oxytocin?
Posterior/ Neurohypophysis
28
Neurohypophysis is _______ acting
direct
29
What part of the pituitary gland produces and effect directly on an organ?
Posterior/ Neurohypophysis
30
TSH=
Thyroid stimulating hormone
31
ACTH=
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
32
FSH=
Follicle stimulating hormone
33
LH=
Luteinizing hormone
34
GH=
Growth hormone
35
TSH is used in?
Diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism
36
ACTH is used?
To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids in the diagnosis of adrenal cortex disease.
37
GH is used?
To increase growth rate and feed use efficiency in livestock and increase milk production in dairy cows.
38
ADH=
Anti Diuretic Hormone
39
ADH is used?
To treat diabetes insipidus
40
Diabetes insipidus is?
A disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine due to insufficient amounts of ADH.
41
Oxytocin is used?
To aid in uterine contraction and induce labor labor in animals at term, expel the placenta, induce milk letdown, and as an adjunct therapy for animals with open pyometra.
42
What feedback loop has adequate amounts in plasma signal to decrease production?
Negative
43
What feedback loop has decreased amounts that increase production?
Positive
44
Applies to release of oxytocin
Neurohormonal Reflex
45
The neurohormonal reflex is initiated by?
Udder stimulation by calf or milker
Stimulation of uterus/vagina for parturition
Stimulation of cerebral cortex by sensory stimuli associated with milking or nursing
46
Drugs that act similarly to hormones
Gonadotropins
47
Gonadotropins may be prepared from?
Pituitary glands of slaughtered animals
| Urine of pregnant women or horses
48
Gonadorelin treats?
Cystic follicles, chorionic gonadotropin, cystic follicles, male infertility and cryptorchidism.
49
Estrogen
Promotes female sex characteristics and stimulates and maintains the reproductive tract
50
Synthetic estrogen
Used in dogs to prevent implantation of fertilized ova and to correct urinary incontinence, vaginitis, and dermatitis,
Used in cattle to treat persistent corpus luteum, aid in expulsion or retained placentas and mummified feti, and to promote weight gain
Used in horses to induce estrus in the non breeding season.
51
Estrogen side effects.
Can cause severe anemia, may be linked to human cervical cancer, do not give during pregnancy.
52
Male sex hormones
Androgens
53
Male sex hormones are produced in...?
Testicles, ovaries, adrenal cortex
54
Androgens promote?
Anabolism, weight gain and RBC formation
55
Testosterone
Made in interstitial cells of testes
Used to treat conditions such as infertility and hypogonadism, produce estrus detectors, and for testosterone-responsive urinary incontinence in dogs.
56
Types of Androgens
Mibolerone and Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine
57
What drug blocks the release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland (therefore the follicle does not fully develop)?
Mibolerone
58
What drug is used to prevent estrus in adult female dogs and the treatment of false pregnancies?
Mibolerone
59
Adverse side effects of Mibolerone?
Premature epiphyseal closure, vaginitis, clitoral hypertrophy, riding and increases body odor. No not use on cats- very low margin of safety.
60
Nonsurgical neutering drug
Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine
61
Chemical sterilant approved for use in _________ male dogs
3-10 month old
62
Chemical sterilant approved for use in young male dogs?
Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine
63
What drug is used as an intratesticular injection?
Zinc gulconate neutralized by arginine
64
Group of compounds similar to progesterone?
Progestins
65
Progestins
Increase secretions by endometrium, decreased motility of uterus and increased secretory development of the mammary glands
Can cause elevations of glucose or suppression of adrenals
Used to treat false pregnancy, suppress estrus, behavioral disorders and progestin-responsive dermatitis
66
What drug increases secretions by endometrium, decreased motility of uterus and increased secretory development of the mammary glands
Progestins
67
Progestins can cause?
elevations of glucose or suppression of adrenals
68
Progestins are used?
To treat false pregnancy, suppress estrus, behavioral disorders and progestin-responsive dermatitis
69
Common name for Megesterol acetate?
Ovaban
70
Megesterol acetate
Labeled for dogs but used in cats for behavioral and dermatitis (Progestins)
71
Side effects of Megesterol acetate (Progestins)
Hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression, endometrial hyperplasia and increased appetite.
72
Medroxyprogesterone acetate are used for?
Behavioral and dermatological problems (Progestins)
73
Common name for Medroxyprogesterone acetate?
Depo-provera (Progestins)
74
Altrenogest
Oral drug for equines
Used for suppression of estrus
Easily absorbed through the skin
75
Drug used for the suppression of estrus?
Altrenogest (Progestins)
76
Common drug name for Altrenogest?
Regu-mate
77
What drug decreases uterine activity when a female is in estrus or pregnant?
Progesterone
78
Progestins are used in dogs to block?
Estrus
79
What drug is used in cattle to synchronize breeding and birth cycles?
Progestins
80
How many classes of Prostaglandins are there?
6 classes: A,B,S,D,E,F
81
Prostaglandin F2a causes...?
Lysis of corpus luteum, which initiates a new estrus cycle
82
In small animals, what drug is used to treat pyometra, cause abortion and induce parturition?
Prostaglandins
83
Prostaglandins are used in cattle for?
Estrus synchronization and induce uterine contractions to facilitate emptying of the uterus (pus or fetus)
84
Prostaglandins are used in horses for?
Estrus synchronization
85
Most important Prostaglandin in VM?
Prostaglandin F2a
86
Prostaglandin F2a uses?
Lyses CL uterine contractions, cervical relaxation
87
Prostaglandin F2a causes?
Bronchoconstriction
Increased BP
Smooth muscle contractions
88
Two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
T4- Throxine
| T3- Triiodothyronine
89
Hypothyroidism is characterized by?
Decrease in thyroid hormone
90
Signs of hypothyroidism
```
Coat and hair luster
Weight gain
Listlessness,
Intolerance to cold
Reproductive failure
```
91
How is hypothyroidism measured?
Serum total T4 and T3 or by a thyroid stimulation test
92
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by ?
Increase in thyroid hormone
93
Signs of hyperthyroidism
PU/PD, weight loss, increased stool production, restlessness, tachycardia
94
How is hyperthyroidism measured?
Total T4 and T3
95
How is hyperthyroidism treated?
Antithyroid drugs, radiotherapy or surgical removal
96
Common thyroid drug?
Methimazole (tapazole)
97
Two hormones of the pancreas?
Insulin and Glucagon
98
Insulin
Responds to a rise in blood glucose and promotes the uptake and use of glucose for energy in cells
99
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
100
Diabetes mellitus is a disease of?
Fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism caused by a lack of or inefficient use of insulin
101
Diabetes mellitus is treated by?
Diet changes and medically
102
Insulin is used to treat?
Diabetes mellitus by keeping blood glucose in the proper range
103
Sources of insulin
Pork, synthetic and recombinant forms
104
Type of insulin used for initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and keep blood glucose stable?
Short-acting (regular,crystalline insulin, semilente))
105
Type of insulin used to control blood glucose in uncomplicated cases of diabetes mellitus?
Intermediate-acting (NPH and lente)
106
Type of insulin used to control blood glucose for longer periods of time, especially in cats?
Long-acting (Protamine zinc insulin and ultralente))
107
Oral hypoglycemic agents work by?
Stimulating pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin
Some pancreatic function is needed
More successful in cats
108
Oral hypoglycemic agent?
Glipizide
109
2 hormones from Islet of Langerhans
Insulin (Beta cell)
| Glucagon (Alpha cells)
110
Incidental hyperglycemic agents
Corticosteroids, progesterone, epinephrine
111
Primary agents used to treat hypersecretion of insulin from tumors?
Hyperglycemic agents
112
Hyperglycemic agents mode of action.
Block release of insulin
113
Aldosterone is a...?
Mineralocorticoid
114
Cortisol is a...?
Glucocorticoid
115
What adrenal cortex hormone regulates nutrient levels in the blood (increase blood glucose)?
Glucocorticoids
116
Addison's disease is...?
Adrenocortical insufficiency. Condition associated with adrenal atrophy
117
Signs of Addison's disease
Lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and PU/PD
118
Addison's is diagnosed by?
ACTH stimulation test
119
Treatment of Addison's disease?
Long-acting mineralcorticoids and corticosteroids
120
Cushing;s disease is...?
Hyperadrenocorticism.
121
How is Cushing's disease characterized?
Excessive glucocorticoid production due to prolonged administration of adrenocortical hormones, adrenosortical tumors or pituitary disorders
122
Signs of Cushing's disease
PU/PD, hair loss, peduloud abdomen
123
How is Cushing's disease diagnosed?
ATCH stimulation test or low-dose desamethasone suppression test
124
Treatment of Cushing's disease?
Destroying part of the adrenal cortex
125
Growth promoters are used primarily in?
Ruminants
126
Growth promoters increases...?
Water retention, protein synthesis, fat deposition and possible increased release of growth hormone.
127
What drug is prepared as pellets for SQ implant?
Growth promoters
128
Anabolic steroids produce?
Tissue building effect
129
Labeled for use in dogs, cats and horses for anorexia, weight loss and denilitation.
Anabolic steroids
