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Clinical Chemistry > Analytical Methods > Flashcards

Analytical Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Spectrometry

A

Spectrophotometry, AAS, MS

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2
Q

Luminescence

A

Fluorescence & Chemiluminescence

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3
Q

Electromagnetic methods

A

Electrophoresis, Potentiometry & Amperometry

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4
Q

Chromatography

A

Gas, Liquid, Thin-layer

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5
Q

Photons of energy traveling in waves

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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6
Q

E = hv

A

Planck’s formula

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7
Q

Transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency & wavelength

A

Energy

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8
Q

Distance between 2 successive peaks

A

Wavelength

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9
Q

Number of vibrations of wave motion per second

A

Frequency

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10
Q

400-700nm

A

Visible spectrum

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11
Q

<400nm

A

UV

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12
Q

> 700nm

A

IR

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13
Q

Most common light source in visible & near-IF

A

Incandescent tungsten/tungsten-iodide lamp

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14
Q

Light source used for UV

A

Deuterium & mercury arc

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15
Q

Type of monochromator: A wide band of radiant energy & have decreased transmittance of the selected wavelength

A

Colored glass filter

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16
Q

Type of monochromator: Principle of constructive interference of waves

A

Interference filters

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17
Q

Type of monochromator: Narrow beam of light focused on a prism is refracted as it enters the denser glass

A

Simple glass prism

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18
Q

Type of monochromator: Most commonly used; wavelengths bend as they pass a sharp corner

A

Diffraction gratings

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19
Q

The presence of an intense static magnetic field will cause the wavelength of the emitted radiation to split into several components

A

Zeeman effect

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20
Q

It is checked by didymium filter or cobalt chloride or potassium dichromate

A

Wavelength accuracy

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21
Q

It is checked with quartz mercury arc lamp/transmission standards

A

UV spectro

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22
Q

It’s checked by running different concentration of the same solution

A

Photometric linearity

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23
Q

It’s checked with Nickel sulfate at 510nm

A

Photometric accuracy

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24
Q

It detects baseline drift

A

Baseline stability

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25
Q

Difference between the maximum wavelengths, excitation & emitted fluorescence

A

Stokes shift

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26
Q

The total range of wavelengths transmitted

A

Bandpass

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27
Q

The most commonly used photodetector

A

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

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28
Q

Measures light at a multitude of wavelengths - detect less amount of light

A

Photodiode

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29
Q

Corrects absorbance caused by the color of the reagents

A

Reagent blank

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30
Q

Measures absorbance of the sample & reagent in the absence of the end product

A

Sample blank

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31
Q

It measures light emitted by a single atom burned in a flame

A

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP)

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32
Q

Internal standard used in FEP

A

Lithium/Cesium

33
Q

It measures light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

34
Q

It is used to convert ions to atoms

A

Atomizer (Nebulizer/Graphite furnace)

35
Q

It is added to samples in AAS to form stable complexes with phosphate

A

Lanthanum or strontium chloride

36
Q

Most frequently used sources of excitation radiant energy in Fluorometry

A

Gas discharge lamps (mercury & xenon arc)

37
Q

Most commonly used in filter fluorometers

A

Mercury vapor lamps

38
Q

Large particles scattering light predominantly in the forward direction

A

Mie scatter

39
Q

Small particles scattering light in all directions with maximum scatter forward & backward

A

Rayleigh scatter

40
Q

It is used to determine the accuracy of reference & indicator electrodes, the stability of standard solution & the potentials of liquid junctions

A

Hydrogen electrode

41
Q

E = I x R

A

Ohm’s law

42
Q

Opposing force to flow of electrons (in ohms)

A

Resistance

43
Q

Electrical charge (in coulombs/second; measured in amperes

A

Current

44
Q

The movement of buffer ions & solvent relative to the fixed support

A

Electroendosmosis/Endosmosis

45
Q

Measuring electrical potential in voltage; follows the Nernst equation

A

Potentiometry

46
Q

Measuring aspects of current, including rate of electron flow; often used in titration of ions; follows Faraday’s law

A

Coulometry

47
Q

Measuring current in amperes/current flow produced by an oxidation reaction

A

Amperometry

48
Q

Measuring current at an electrode using a specific voltage generated at another electrode

A

Voltammetry

49
Q

Measurement of current flowing as electrons are formed in an oxidation-reduction system

A

Osmometry

50
Q

Reference electrode commonly used in potentiometry

A

Calomel

51
Q

Frequently used electrode in potentiometry but disadvantage is it’s slow to reach a new stable voltage; unstable above 80C

A

Mercury/Mercurous chloride

52
Q

Another frequently used electrode in potentiometry; used for increased temperature up to 275C

A

Ag/AgCl

53
Q

3 major ISE types

A

Inter metal, metal electrode & membrane electrode

54
Q

Dioctylphenyl phosphonate

A

Calcium ISE

55
Q

Valinomycin

A

Potassium ISE

56
Q

Organic ionophore = monensin (from Streptomyces spp.)

A

Sodium ISE

57
Q

Measured as tCO2

A

HCO3- ISE

58
Q

Affect the charge of ampholytes

A

ph & ionic strength

59
Q

Fundamental concept in Capillary Electrophoresis

A

Electro-osmotic flow (EOF)

60
Q

Bulk flow of liquid toward the cathode upon application of an electric field & it is superimposed on electromagnetic migration

A

Electro-osmotic flow (EOF)

61
Q

Type of chromatography: based on competition between sample & mobile phase

A

Adsorption/Liquid-solid chromatography

62
Q

Type of chromatography: based on relative solubility

A

Partition/ Liquid-liquid chromatography

63
Q

Elution strength of mobile phase is constant throughout the separation

A

Electron ionization

64
Q

2 types of ionization for LC-MS

A

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) & Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)

65
Q

Type of ionization: Passing the LC effluent through a capillary to which a voltage has been applied

A

ESI

66
Q

Type of ionization: droplets aren’t charged & the source contains a heated vaporizer to allow rapid desolvation of the drops

A

Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)

67
Q

Allows only ions of a single selected m/z value to pass through the analyzer to the detector

A

Quadrupole MS

68
Q

Specific masses can be selected to monitor a few target analytes

A

Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM)

69
Q

It can also measure vit. D, testosterone & immunosuppresant drugs; can detect multiple analytes in one run

A

LC-MS

70
Q

Separates solutes in the sample based on their solubility in the 2 phases as well as different electrical charges

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

71
Q

The relative distance of migration from the point of application

A

Retention factor (Rf)

72
Q

It is based on fragmentation & ionization of molecules using a suitable sources of energy

A

Mass Spectroscopy

73
Q

It separates molecules by migration through a pH gradient

A

Isoelectric focusing

74
Q

Emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction & not from absorption of electromagnetic energy

A

Chemiluminsecence

75
Q

A 1 mOsm/kg has a freezing point depression of?

A

0.00186 C

76
Q

Blood plasma (285 mOsm/kg) has a freezing point of?

A

-0.53 C

77
Q

It is the measurement of differences in current at a constant voltage; follows Ilkovic equation

A

Polarography

78
Q

LASER stands for:

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation

Clinical Chemistry (9 decks)

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