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Clinical Chemistry > Automation & Immunochemical Techniques > Flashcards

Automation & Immunochemical Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of analytic process

A

Preanalytic, analytic, post-analytic

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2
Q

The first continuous flow, single-channel, sequential batch analyzer capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples/hr

A

AutoAnalyzer (AA)

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3
Q

It was the first noncontinuous flow,
discrete analyzer as well as the first instrument to have random access
capabilities, whereby stat specimens could be analyzed out of sequence on an as-
needed basis.

A

Automatic Clinical

Analyzer (ACA) (DuPont [now Siemens]).

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4
Q

This instrument was the first to use microsample
volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis and to incorporate
computer technology extensively into its design and use.

A 
Kodak Ektachem (now VITROS) Analyzer (now Ortho-
Clinical Diagnostics)
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5
Q

The most recent milestone in chemistry analyzer development has been the
combination of chemistry and immunoassay

A

Modular analyzer

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6
Q

liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped

through a system of continuous tubing.

A

Continuous flow analyzer

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7
Q

3 basic approaches with instruments

A

continuous flow,

centrifugal analysis, and discrete analysis.

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8
Q

uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer
and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of
a spinning rotor.

A

centrifugal analysis

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9
Q

Major advantage of centrifugal analysis

A

Batch analysis

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10
Q

the separation of each sample and accompanying

reagents in a separate container.

A

discrete analysis.

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11
Q

They are the most popular and versatile analyzers

A

discrete analysis.

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12
Q

Light source used in Reflectance spectrometry

A

Tungsten-halogen lamp

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13
Q

It has been and remains a manual process in most laboratories

A

Preparation of the sample for analysis

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14
Q

The most sophisticated approach that is commonly used

today in specimen identification

A

Employing a bar code

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15
Q

These slides have microscopically thin layers of dry
reagents mounted on a plastic support. The slides are approximately the size and
thickness of a postage stamp.

A

dry

chemistry slide

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16
Q

Most automated wet chemistry analyzers use ________ that dip into
the reaction container for a few seconds to stir sample and reagents, after which
they return to a wash reservoir

A

stirring paddles

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17
Q

causes major interference in many analyses.

A

Proteins

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18
Q

In the older continuous flow systems, a _____ was the separation or
filtering module. It performed the equivalent of the manual procedures of
precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration, using a fine-pore cellophane
membrane.

A

dialyzer

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19
Q

are attached from multiple remote stations where the reaction
mixtures reside to a centralized monochromator/detector unit that, in conjunction
with the computer, sequences and analyzes a large volume of light signals from
multiple reactions.

A

fiberoptic cables, or “light pipes”

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20
Q

refers to automated devices and robots
integrated with existing analyzers to perform all phases of laboratory testing.
Most attention to date has been devoted to development of the front-end systems that can identify and label specimens, centrifuge the specimen and prepare
aliquots, and sort and deliver samples to the analyzer or to storage.

A

Total Laboratory Automation

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21
Q

Developed RadioImmunoAssay (RIA)

A

Dr. Rosalyn Yallow

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22
Q

Immunoprecipitation techniques: Gel-Passive

A 
Double Diffusion (Ouchterlony technique)
Single Diffusion (Radial Immunodiffusion)
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23
Q

Immunoprecipitation techniques: Gel-Electrophoresis

A

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
Immunofixation Electrophoresis
Rocket electrophoresis

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24
Q

Immunoprecipitation techniques: Soluble Phase

A

Turbidimetry & Nephelometry

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25
Q

The Ag diffuses from the well in all directions, binds to the soluble Ab
in the agarose, and forms a complex seen as a concentric precipitin ring. The
diameter of the ring is related to the concentration of the Ag that diffused from
the well.

A

Radial Immunodiffusion (RID)

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26
Q

2 variations in RID

A

Fahey-McKelvey (kinetic) & Mancini (endpoint)

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27
Q

an immune precipitation method that

uses an electrical field to cause the Ag and Ab to migrate toward each other.

A

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

28
Q

2 methods used in the clinical lab to characterize monoclonal proteins in serum & urine

A

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)

29
Q

In this quantitative technique, reagent Ab is
mixed with agarose; Ag is placed in the well and electrophoresed. As the Ag
moves through the agarose, it reacts with the reagent Ab and forms a “rocket,”
with stronger precipitation along the edges.

A

rocket technique (Laurell technique, or electroimmunoassay)

30
Q

enhances the Ag–Ab interaction in both turbidimetry & nephelometry

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

31
Q

If the binding

reagent is an Ab, it is an ______

A

immunoassay

32
Q

If the binding

reagent is a receptor, it is a _____

A

receptor assay

33
Q

If the binding

reagent is a transport protein, it is a _______

A

Competitive protein-binding assay

34
Q

the first chemiluminescent label used in immunoassays, is a cyclic
diacylhydrazide that emits light energy under alkaline conditions in the presence
of peroxide and peroxidase.

A

Luminol

35
Q

compounds that absorb
radiant energy of one wavelength and emit radiant energy of a longer wavelength
in less than 10
−4 seconds.

A

Fluorescent labels (fluorochromes or fluorophores)

36
Q

atoms with unstable

nuclei that spontaneously emit radiation are radioactive and referred to as:

A

Radionuclides

37
Q

Radiolabeled antigen is also called:

A

tracer

38
Q

The earliest immunoassay was a ________ in which the radiolabeled Ag competed with unlabeled Ag for a
limited number of binding sites (Ab)

A

Competitive immunoassay

39
Q

use a labeled reagent Ab to detect the Ag. Excess labeled Ab is required to
ensure that the labeled Ab reagent does not limit the reaction.

A

Noncompetitive immunoassays/Immunometric assays

40
Q

physical separation is necessary and is

achieved by adsorption, precipitation, or interaction with a solid phase

A

Heterogeneous assays

41
Q

the activity or expression of the label depends on whether the labeled reactant is
free or bound.

A

Homogeneous assays

42
Q

______ is porous and
readily combines with small molecules to remove them from solution; ______
prevents nonspecific protein binding to the charcoal.

A

Charcoal; dextran

43
Q

use particles to trap small Ags, labeled or unlabeled.

A

Adsorption techniques

44
Q

occurs when the environment is altered, affecting the

solubility of protein.

A

Nonimmune precipitation

45
Q

Soluble Ag–Ab complexes can be precipitated by a second Ab that
recognizes the primary Ab in the soluble complex. The result is a larger complex
that becomes insoluble and precipitates.

A

Immune precipitation/Double Ab/2nd Ab method

46
Q

immobilize reagent Ab or Ag provides a method to

separate free from bound labeled reactant after washing.

A

Use of a solid phase

47
Q

Advantage of sandwich-type immunoassays

A

production of linear

calibration curves

48
Q

Disadvantage of sandwich-type immunoassays

A

Subjected to false (+) and false (-) interferences

49
Q

an engineered antibody whereby the
antigen recognition site (Fab) originates from the mouse, while the constant
portion contain sequences that are from the human species.

A

Chimeric antibody

50
Q

contains small segments from the mouse but sufficient in number
to recognize the foreign antigen.

A

Humanized antibody

51
Q

a homogeneous
competitive immunoassay in which low molecular weight Hps bound to particles
compete with unlabeled analyte for the specific Ab.

A

Particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay

52
Q

the unlabeled
Ag in the sample competes with the labeled Ag for the Ab-binding sites; as the
concentration of unlabeled Ag increases, less enzyme-labeled Ag can bind to the
Ab. Therefore, more labeled Ag is free, and the enzymatic activity is greater.

A 
enzyme-multiplied
immunoassay technique (EMIT),
53
Q

are competitive,

homogeneous assays in which the genetically engineered label is β-galactosidase

A

Cloned enzyme donor immunoassays (CEDIAs)

54
Q

is an automated assay
available on the AxSYM Analyzer (Abbott Laboratories). The microparticles
serve as the solid phase, and a glass fiber matrix separates the bound labeled
reagent.

A

Microparticle capture enzyme immunoassay (MEIA)

55
Q

fluid-phase unlabeled Ag is captured by Ab on the
solid phase; after washing, the detector Ab (with a fluorescent label attached)
reacts with the solid-phase captured Ag.

A

Solid-phase fluorescence immunoassays

56
Q

a heterogeneous,
competitive immunoassay in which particles are used to localize the reaction and
concentrate the fluorescence.

A

Particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay

57
Q

Fluorescein-labeled Ag and unlabeled Ag compete for rhodamine-
labeled Ab. More unlabeled Ag lessens the amount of fluorescein-labeled Ag
that binds; therefore, more fluorescence is present

A

Fluorescence excitation transfer immunoassay

58
Q

This homogeneous immunoassay uses polarized light to
excite the fluorescent label. Polarized light is created when light passes through
special filters and consists of parallel light waves oriented in one plane.

A

Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)

59
Q

is an
automated system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) that measures time-delayed
fluorescence from the label europium.

A

Dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA)

60
Q

heterogeneous, competitive assay with a tracer.
1 When
bound tracer is measured, the signal from the label (CPM) is inversely related to
the concentration of the unlabeled Ag in the sample.

A

RIA

61
Q

When used to microscopically identify bacteria or
constituents in tissue (e.g., immune complexes deposited in vivo), the method is
called

A

direct immunofluorescence (DIF) or direct fluorescence assay (DFA).

62
Q

The
substrate is placed on a microscopic slide, serum is overlaid and allowed to react
with the Ag, and the bound Ab is detected by the labeled antihuman globulin
reagent.

A

indirect

immunofluorescence (IIF) or an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA).

63
Q

is used to classify cell lineage and identify the stage of cell
maturation.

A

immunophenotyping

64
Q

is based on cells transported under fluidic pressure passing one by
one through a laser beam.

A

Flow

cytometry

65
Q

is related to the size of the cell

A

Forward light scatter

66
Q

related to the

granularity of the cell.

A

Side light scatter

67
Q

are oligonucleotides that have been designed and engineered to
bind to specific analytes and offer an alternative to Abs used in immunoassays.

A

Aptamers

Clinical Chemistry (9 decks)

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