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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Lactic acidosis: associated with hypoxia or decreased tissue oxygenation

A

Type A Lactic Acidosis

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2
Q

Lactic acidosis: caused by metabolic disorders such as DM

A

Type B Lactic Acidosis

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3
Q

Glycogen storage diseases: accumulation of glycogen primarily in skeletal muscle

A

Type II, V & VII

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4
Q

Glycogen storage diseases: Liver forms but rarer

A

Type III & VI

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5
Q

Glycogen storage disease: severe liver form with cardiac & skeletal muscle disease

A

Type IV

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6
Q

(1) the size of the base
carbon chain, (2) the location of the CO function group, (3) the number of sugar
units, and (4) the stereochemistry of the compound.

A

The classification of

carbohydrates is based on four different properties:

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7
Q

have the same order and

types of bonds but different spatial arrangements and different properties.

A

Stereoisomers

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8
Q

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler

form.

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a

glycosidic linkage.

A

Disaccharides

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10
Q

are the chaining of 2 to 10 sugar units,

A

Oligosaccharides

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11
Q

are formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units.

A

polysaccharides

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12
Q

The most common

nonreducing sugar

A

sucrose—table sugar

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13
Q

The conversion of amino
acids by the liver and other specialized tissue, such as the kidney, to substrates
that can be converted to glucose is called

A

gluconeogenesis.

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14
Q

the process by which

glycogen is converted back to glucose-6-phosphate for entry into the glycolytic pathway.

A

Glycogenolysis

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15
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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16
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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18
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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19
Q

characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily a

result of pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis.

A

Type 1 diabetes

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20
Q

result of cellular-mediated autoimmune
destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of
insulin secretion.

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

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21
Q

abrupt onset,

insulin dependence, and ketosis tendency.

A

type 1 diabetes

22
Q

One or more of the following markers are found in 85% to 90% of
individuals with fasting hyperglycemia:

A

islet cell autoantibodies, insulin
autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies, and tyrosine
phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B autoantibodies.

23
Q

adult
onset of the disease and milder symptoms, with ketoacidosis
seldom occurring.

A

type 2 diabetes

24
Q

any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or

first recognition during pregnancy.

A

GDM

25
Q

As hepatic glucose overproduction

continues, the plasma glucose concentration reaches a plateau around

A

300 to 500

mg/dL (17 to 28 mmol/L).

26
Q

This test
should be performed in the morning after an overnight fast of between 8 and 14
h, after at least 3 days of unrestricted diet (≥150 g carbohydrate per day) and
unlimited physical activity.

A

OGTT for GDM

27
Q

The revised criteria
recommend that all nondiabetic pregnant women should be screened for GDM at
_______ weeks of gestation

A

24 to 28

28
Q

The plasma glucose concentration at which glucagon and other glycemic factors are released
is between

A

65 and 70 mg/dL (3.6 to 3.9 mmol/L)

29
Q

observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appear.

A

50 to 55 mg/dL (2.8 to

3.1 mmol/L),

30
Q

(1) hypoglycemic symptoms; (2) plasma glucose concentration is low (<50 mg/dL) when the symptoms are
present; and (3) symptoms are relieved by correction of the hypoglycemia when
administered glucose or glucagon.

A

Whipple triad

31
Q 
Glucose level >/= 25mg/dl
Insulin >/= 6uU/mL
C-peptide >/= 0.2nmol/L
Proinsulin >/=5pmol/L
B-hydroxybutyrate =2.7mmol/L
A

Diagnostic criteria for an insulinoma

32
Q

cause of failure to thrive syndrome in infants, is a congenital
deficiency of one of three enzymes involved in galactose metabolism, resulting
in increased levels of galactose in plasma.

A

Galactosemia,

33
Q

TRUE/FALSE: The most common enzyme deficiency in Galactosemia
is galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase.

A

TRUE

34
Q

The most common methods of glucose analysis use the enzyme

A

glucose

oxidase or hexokinase

35
Q

the most specific

enzyme reacting with only β-D-glucose.

A

Glucose oxidase

36
Q

may be added to the reaction to facilitate the

conversion of α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose.

A

Mutarotase

37
Q

method is considered more accurate because the coupling reaction using glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase is highly specific;

A

hexokinase method

38
Q

not recommended for routine use under the ADA guidelines.
This procedure is inconvenient to patients and is not being used by physicians
for diagnosing diabetes.

A

OGTT

39
Q

The adult dose

of glucose solution (Glucola) is

A

75 g

40
Q

children receive ______ of glucose to a

maximum dose of 75 g.

A

1.75 g/kg

41
Q

Current ADA guidelines recommend that an HbA1c test be performed at
least ___ times a year with patients who are meeting treatment goals and who
have stable glycemic control.

A

2

42
Q

For patients whose therapy has changed or who are

not meeting glycemic goals, a _____ HbA1c test is recommended.

A

quarterly

43
Q

the HbA1c goal for nonpregnant adults in

general is less than

A

7%

44
Q

For pediatric populations, the recommended target A1C is less than

A

7.5%.

45
Q

the preferred method of

measurement for HbA1C

A

affinity chromatography

46
Q

A common POC instrument

HbA1c assay is based on a

A

latex immunoagglutination inhibition methodology.

47
Q

TRUE/FALSE: With HPLC, all forms of glycosylated hemoglobin—A1a, A1b,
and A1c—can be separated.

A

TRUE

48
Q

The historical test
that used ferric chloride reacted with acetoacetic acid to produce a
red color.

A

(Gerhardt’s)

49
Q

If the reagent

contains ______, then acetone is also detected.

A

glycerin

50
Q

measurements are useful to assist in diagnosis at an early stage and before the
development of proteinuria.

A

Albuminuria

51
Q

TRUE/FALSE: An early sign that diabetic kidney disease is occurring is an
increase in urinary albumin.

A

TRUE

52
Q

An ____ assessment of kidney function by the
determination of urinary albumin excretion is recommended for diabetic
patients.

A

annual

Clinical Chemistry (9 decks)

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