ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION

Question 1

Red: ______ energy; _______ wavelength

Answer 1

lowest
highest

Question 2

relationship of wavelength to energy:___________ proportional

Answer 2

INVERSELY

Question 3

Violet : ______ energy; _______ wavelength

Answer 3

Highest
Lower

Question 4

Visible light

Answer 4

400-700nm

Question 5

UV light

Answer 5

<400

Question 6

Short wavelength with high energy

Answer 6

UV light

Question 7

Long wavelength with low energy

Answer 7

IR light

Question 8

IR light

Answer 8

> 700

Question 9

• most common analytical method
• most common type of assays in clinical chemistry

Answer 9

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Question 10

measures the light transmitted by a solution in order to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing analyte

Answer 10

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Question 11

different types of colored solutions should be analyzed in different wavelength

Answer 11

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Question 12

provides continuous spectrum of polychromatic light

Answer 12

Light source

Question 13

Tungsten-halogen, Tungsten-iodide lamp

Answer 13

Visible to infrared

Question 14

Mercury-arc, Xenon lamp, Deuterium-discharge lamp

Answer 14

UV region

Question 15

allows the entry of a narrow beam of radiant energy or light energy

Answer 15

Entrance slit

Question 16

minimizes stray light or unwanted light

Answer 16

Entrance slit

Question 17

light that enters and exits the entrance slit

Answer 17

Polychromatic light

Question 18

• polychromatic light reaches it but monochromatic light comes from the monochromator

Answer 18

Monochromator/Wavelength selector

Question 19

disperses polychromatic light into its separate wavelengths

Answer 19

Monochromator/Wavelength selector

Question 20

• isolates a specific wavelength of interest

Answer 20

Monochromator/Wavelength selector

Question 21

controls the width of light beam or bandpass

Answer 21

. Exit slit

Question 22

• holds the solution containing the analyte to be measured

Answer 22

Sample cuvette/ holder

Question 23

round-end cuvette

Answer 23

Sample holder/cuvette

Question 24

Which is more preferred, round or square cuvette?

Answer 24

Square-end

Question 25

measures and converts the transmitted light into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

Answer 25

Detector

Question 26

Is the most sensitive Detector.

Answer 26

Photomultiplier tube

Question 27

measure the magnitude of the current that is generated by the detector

Answer 27

Read-out Device/ Meter

Question 28

- measures current of electrical energy

Answer 28

Read-out Device/ Meter

Question 29

Governed by BEER’S LAW:

Answer 29

Read-out Device/ Meter

Question 30

- the concentration of a substance is ____________ proportional to the light absorbed

Answer 30

DIRECTLY

Question 31

- the amount of energy absorbed or transmitted by a solution is ____________ to the solution’s molar absorptivity and the concentration of solute

Answer 31

proportionalq

Question 32

o Absorbed light is DIRECTLY proportional o Transmitted light is __________ proportional

Answer 32

INVERSELY

Question 33

Measures transmitted light directly

Answer 33

Read-out Device/ Meter

Question 34

Absorbance is a ______ value form the transmitted light; absorbance is indirectly measured

Answer 34

DERIVED

Question 35

makes one measurement at a time at one specific wavelength; simplest type of spectrophotometer

Answer 35

Single beam

Question 36

contains two cuvettes or sample holders where one is for the specimen and the other is for reference solution of standard

Answer 36

Double beam

Question 37

splits the monochromatic light into two components which pass through two cuvettes or sample holders

Answer 37

Double beam

Question 38

all in internal component is duplicated except the light source - instrument with 2 photodetectors

Answer 38

. Double beam in space

Question 39

- only the sample holder or cuvettes are duplicated

Answer 39

Double beam in time

Question 40

- one at a time detection by a single photodetector

Answer 40

Double beam in time

Question 41

alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvette and then the reference cuvette

Answer 41

Double beam in time

Question 42

- a technique that utilizes the phenomenon of molecular fluorescence - involves measurement of emitted fluorescent light

Answer 42

FLUOROMETRY

Question 43

absorb light and emit light in a longer wavelength; the emission of electromagnetic radiation that occurs when a molecule absorbs light at one wavelength and reemits light at a longer wavelength, when it returns to ground state with the excitation event caused by photo illumination

Answer 43

- Fluorescence

Question 44

emitted light has the same wavelength to the absorbed light

Answer 44

Phosphorescence

Question 45

molecule that fluoresces (in all direction - has an absorption spectra @WL 300-700 nm

Answer 45

Fluorophore

Question 46

released from light source which has high energy with shorter wavelength that will pass through entrance slit aka attenuator will control the amount of light that will reach the excitation monochromator which is responsible for isolating a particular wavelength of excitation light that is best absorbed by the analyte of interest.

Answer 46

Excitation light or Excited light:

Question 47

the specific wavelength of excitation light will pass through the _______ and through the _____ which contains the analyte of interest

Answer 47

exit slit sample

Question 48

Molecules in the sample will _______ excitation light and they will become excited. When the molecular energy of molecules is higher than the heat of the environment, it will release excess energy in the form of __________ in all directions.

Answer 48

absorb fluorescence

Question 49

- detects even the lowest energy level of light and amplifies more light compared to the PMT - more ideal in molecular studies

Answer 49

- charge couple detector

Question 50

- presence of molecules that absorbs or steals the fluorescence of the analyte leading to decrease fluorescence

Answer 50

Quenching

Question 51

increase temperature resulting to more collisions in solutions thus, energy molecules will be converted to heat energy instead of fluorescence hence, decrease fluorescence

Answer 51

Temperature

Question 52

- relationship of temperature to fluorescence ----> ________ proportional

Answer 52

inversely