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anatomy 102 > anant exam 3 > Flashcards

anant exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

effectors of ANS

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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2
Q

preganglionic neurons

A
  • cell body in CNS, axons enter PNS
  • axons contribute to cranial and spinal nerves
  • lightly myelinated
  • slow conduction velocity
  • neurons are cholinergic (Ach)
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3
Q

postganglionic neurons

A
  • neurons completely in PNS
  • cell bodies form peripheral ganglia
  • nonmyelinated
  • very slow conduction velocity
  • either cholinergic (Ach) or adrenergic (Epi or NEpi)
  • axons synapse with effector organ
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4
Q

SYMPATHETIC preganglionic neurons

A
  • cell body in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord ( T1-L1)
  • short preganglionic axon
  • ALL are cholinergic (Ach)
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5
Q

SYMPATHETIC postganglionic neurons

A
  • cell bodies in sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral) or collateral (prevertebral) ganglion
  • long postganglionic axons
  • MOST are adrenergic (Epi or NEpi)
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6
Q

somatic vs autonomic nervous sytem

A

somatic: effectors are skeletal muscles, motor neurons exert direct control over skeletal muscles.
autonomic: effectors are viscera, motor neurons synapse on visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia and ganglionic neurons control visceral effectors

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7
Q

sympathtic nervous system

A

(thoracolumbar) activated during fight or flight conditions, preganglionic fibers are short and post ganglionic fibers are long

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8
Q

sympathtic responces

A
  1. heightened mental alertness
  2. increased metabolic rate
  3. reduced digestive and urinary functions
  4. activation of energy reserves
  5. increased respiration & dilation to airways
  6. increased hr and bp
  7. sweat
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9
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

craniosacral, rest and digest, preganglioni fibers are long and post ganglionic fibers are short

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10
Q

parasympathetic responces

A
  1. decreased metabolic rate
  2. decreased HR and BP
  3. increased salivation and digestive secretions
  4. increased blood flow in digestive system
  5. stim of urination and defection
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11
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

located on both sides of the vertebral column, control effectors in the body wall, inside thoracic cavity, and in head & limbs

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12
Q

collateral ganglia

A

anterior to vertebral bodies, contain ganglionic neurons that innervate tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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13
Q

adrenal medullae

A

modified sympathetic ganglion, have very short axans

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14
Q

where are preganglionic sympathtic fibers found?

A

ventral roots of spinal segments T1-L2

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15
Q

innervation of adrenal medullae

A

secretes E and NE, preganglionic fibers innervate directly

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16
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

synapses that use Ach as a transmitter, effect is always excitatory, most are preganglionic

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17
Q

adrenergic

A

neurons release NE, most are sympathetic ganglionic.

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18
Q

alpha receptors

A

activates enzymes on the inside of the plasma membrane, more common, adrenergic

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19
Q

beta receptors

A

located on plasma membranes of cells of many organs, adrenergic

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20
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

cholinergic receptor, at neuromuscular junctions, opens chemically gated channels, PARASYMP

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21
Q

muscarinic

A

g proteins, can be excitatory or inhibitory, changes K membrane permeability, occurs at all nuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions, PARASYMP

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22
Q

preganglionic PARASYMPATHETIC neurons occur in….

A
  • midbrain, pons, and medulla.
  • associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
  • in lateral gray horns of S2-S4
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23
Q

parasympathetic stimulation is specific/ localized and long lasting. (t/f)

A

FALSE. they are localized but last BRIEFLY

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24
Q

what nerves do parasympathetic leave the brain in?

A

III, VII, IX, X, also in s2-s4

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25
Q

wha neurotransmitter do sympathetic neurons release?

A

preganglionic: Ach
postganglionic: mostly NE but some release Ach or NO

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26
Q

what neurotransmitters do parasympathetic neurons release?

A

always releases Ach

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27
Q

dual innervation

A

some vital organs recieve both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

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28
Q

parasympathetic ganglionic neurons are located ___ their target organs

A

within or next to

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29
Q

the vagus nerve provides 75percent of parasymp outflow. (t/f)

A

true

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30
Q

sympathetic division contains __ set(s) of chain ganglia

A

2

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31
Q

how many collateral ganglia does the sympathetic division have?

A

3

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32
Q

exocrine gland

A

a gland that secretes onto epithelial surfaces or into a duct connected to the exterior

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33
Q

endocrine gland

A

a gland that secretes secretions into extracellular fluid

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34
Q

direct communication

A

occurs between two cells, transports ions through gap junctions, limited yo adjacent cells

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35
Q

paracrine communication

A

transports paracrine factors through extracellular fluid, limited to a local area

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36
Q

endocrine communication

A

transmits hormones through the bloodstream, extends to other tissues of the body

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37
Q

synaptic communication

A

transmits neurotransmitters across synaptic cleft, good for emergency situations, limited to very specific area

38
Q

ways the endocrine and nervous system maintain homeostasis

A
  1. both rely on chemical s that bind to specific receptors
  2. both share many chemical messengers
  3. both are regulated by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
  4. both coordinate and regulate activities of other cells and areas
39
Q

Eicosanoids are __ soluable

A

lipid

40
Q

catecholamines are ___ soluable

A

water

41
Q

peptide hormones are ___ soluable

A

water

42
Q

lipid soluble hormones include

A

sterioid hormones, thyroid hormones, and gas

43
Q

water soluble hormones include

A

amines, peptides and proteins

44
Q

lipid soluble proteins do not need transport protein in blood capillaries (t/f)

A

FALSE. they do need a transport protein in capillaries

45
Q

intracellular receptors

A

lipid soluble proteins

46
Q

extracellular receptors

A

water soluble proteins. need receptor and g protein

47
Q

parts of anterior pituitary

A

pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia

*has rich blood supply

48
Q

hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. follicle stimuating hormone (FSH)
  4. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  5. prolactin (PRL)
  6. growth hormone (GH)
49
Q

pars intermedia secretes

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

50
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

triggers the release of thyroid hormones and iodide transport into follicle cells. released in response to TRH.

51
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

triggers the release of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex

52
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

promotes follicle development in ovaries and triggers estrogen secretion

53
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

induces ovulation, secretion of progesterone

54
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulate mammary gland development and production of milk

55
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization, and catabolism

56
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

increased melanin synthesis in epidermis

57
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

antiduretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT)

58
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

reabsorption of water at kidneys, inceased BP and blood volume in response to dehydration, elevated BP and BV

59
Q

oxytocin (OXT)

A

labor contractions and milk ejection in females in response to uterine distension and nipple stim

60
Q

why is the hypothalamus considered an endocrine gland?

A
  1. secretes regulatory hormones
  2. releases hormones at posterior pituitary
  3. excerting neural control over cells in adrenal medulla
61
Q

location of the thyroid gland

A

inferior to larynx

*rich blood supply, simple cuboidal cell compose follicle

62
Q

thyroid follicle cells synthesize and secrete __?

A

thyoglobulin

63
Q

what amino acid is the building block of thyroid hormone?

A

tyrosine

64
Q

main thyroid hormones are __?

A

T4 and T3 (triodothyronine)

65
Q

functions of thyroid hormones

A
  1. increase rates of metabolism
  2. bind to cytoplasm
  3. activation of a specific gene
  4. specific transport to target cell
66
Q

C cells of the thyroid

A

produce calcitonin (CT), respond directly to elevated Ca concentration in the blood

67
Q

calcitonin (CT)

A

inhibits osteoclasts which slows the rate of Ca release from the bone, and triggers Ca release from the kidneys, decrease blood Ca levels!

68
Q

effects of thyroid hormones on tissues

A
  1. elevates rates of oxtgen and energy consumption
  2. increases HR and force of contraction
  3. increases sensitivity to symp stimulation
  4. maintains sensitivity of respiratory centers to change in gases
  5. stimulates RBC formation
  6. stims other endocrine activity
  7. accels mineral turnover in bone
69
Q

parathyroid gland location

A

2 pairs embedded in posterior surfaces of thyroid gland

70
Q

parathyroid chief cells secrete __?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulated by low calcium levels in blood

71
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

increase Ca concentrations in bodily fluids:

  • inhibits osteoblasts and increases osteoclast numbers which reduces calcium deposition in bone
  • enhances reabsorption of Ca by kidneys
  • stimulates formation and secretion of calcitriol by kidneys
72
Q

location of adrenal glands

A

superior to each kidney

73
Q

adrenal cortex

A

stores corticosteroids, consists of outer zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and inner zona reticullaris

74
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone

75
Q

aldosterone

A

secretion occurs in response to fall in blood Na content or rise in K. increases renal absorption of Na and water and loss of K

76
Q

zona fasciculata

A

secretes glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, regulated by negative feedback

77
Q

effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • anti inflammatory effects
  • speed up rates of glucose synthesis
  • release of fatty acids into the blood
78
Q

zona reticularis

A

secretes androgens

79
Q

androgens

A

bone growth, muscle growth, blood formation

80
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innermost part of the adrenal gland, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

81
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

releases lipids, increases HR, BP, blood glucose, stimulated during symp activation

82
Q

location of the pancreas

A

between inferior border of the stomach and proximal portion of small intestine

83
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

consists of pancreatic acini and attached ducts, takes up majority of the pancreas

84
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

small groups of pancreatic islets (langerhans!)

85
Q

alpha cells of the pancreas

A

produce glucagon

86
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood glucose by increasing glycogen breakdown and glucose release

87
Q

beta cells

A

produce insulin

88
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels by increasing rate of glucose uptake and utilization and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles and liver

89
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

destruction of beta cells, insulin dependent

90
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin is made normally, the body just can’t respond to it properly.

anatomy 102 (3 decks)

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