Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy 102 > anat exam 2 > Flashcards

anat exam 2 Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

graded potential

A

A small deviation from the RMP that makes the membrane either more polarized (more negative inside) or less polarized (less negative inside).
can either be hyperpolarizing or depolarizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of graded potentials

A

receptor or generator potentials (occur in sensory receptors or sensory neurons), excitatory or inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

separate cells

A

receptor cells synapse with first order sensory neurons. eye, inner ear, taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exteroreceptors

A

located at or near the body’s surface, sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body, convey info about external environment, convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal, pain sensations. CONSCIOUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

interoreceptors

A

located in blood vessels, internal organs, nervous system. provide info about internal environment; usually SUBCONSCIOUS, conscious only as pain in internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proprioreceptors

A

located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; provide info about body position, muscle length and tension, joint position, and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical pressure, provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing and equilibrium, stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nocioceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

osmoreceptors

A

sense osmotic pressure of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

root hair plexus

A

touch or movement of hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

merkel cells

A

fine touch and pressure receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tactile corpuscle

A

fine touch, pressure, low frequency vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lamellated corpuscle

A

deep pressure, high frequency vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

pressure and distortion of the skin, located in dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

first order neuron

A

delivers sensations to CNS. cell body is in dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

second order neuron

A

interneuron, in brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

third order neuron

A

in thalamus, synapse with neurons on primary sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A

carries sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temp. divided into an anterior and lateral tract. first order neurons synapse with second order in posterior gray horns, second order decussates in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

anterior spinothalamic pathway

A

crude touch and pressure sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
lateral spinothalamic tract
pain and temp sensations
26
posterior column pathway
carries sensations of fine touch, proprioception, vibrations. fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus are involved
27
fasciculus gracilis
carry sensations from lower half of the body
28
fasciulus cuneatus
carry sensations from upper half of the body
29
medial lemniscus
enter after decussating in posterior column tract
30
protopathic modalities
thermal sensation, pain (fast and slow), crude touch, pressure
31
epicritic modalities
tactile discrimination, proprioception, vibratory sensation
32
lacrimal caruncle
produces eye crust
33
conjunctiva
covers inside of the eyelids and outside of eye (not the cornea though)
34
accessory structures of the eye
includes eyelids, superficial epithelium of the eye, and structures associated with tears
35
lacrimal apparatus
produces, distributes, and removes tears
36
function of tears
provides nutrients and oxygen to eye and cornea
37
anterior cavity
divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber, contains aqueous humor
38
anterior chamber
between the cornea and iris
39
posterior chamber
between iris and lens
40
posterior cavity
contains vitreous humor, provides shape and stability for eye
41
aqueous humor
constantly produced (from blood plasma at ciliary body), circulated, and reabsorbed at same rate (at scleral venous sinus)
42
fibrous layer
outermost layer of the eye, contains sclera and cornea. supports and protects, provides attachment for muscles, contains structures to help in focusing
43
sclera
"white of the eye", dense fibrous connective tissue of collagen and elastic, attachment for extrinsic muscles
44
cornea
transparent, no blood supply, largest point of refraction in the eye occurs here
45
vascular layer
includes iris, ciliary body, and choroid. contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and intrinsic muscles of the eye. functions include providing route for blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye, secreting and reabsorbing aqueous humor, controlling shape of lens
46
iris
pigmented 2 layers of smooth muscle (constrictor and dialator)
47
constrictor muscles of the iris
circular smooth muscle, diameter decreases, parasympathetic stimulation
48
pupillary dialator muscle
wagon wheel spokes, enlarges pupil, sympathetic stimulation
49
ciliary body
consists of ciliary muscle
50
suspensory ligaments
attach to the tips of the ciliary processes
51
choroid
vascular layer that separates the fibrous layer and inner layer. delivers oxygen and nutrients to retina. contains melanocytes
52
inner layer
contains retina and optic nerve
53
two layers of the retina
1. pigmented part (outer layer, thin, contains photoreceptors, retinal detachment occurs here) 2. neural layer (inner layer, thick)
54
macula
contains no rods, highest concentration of cones is in the center (fovea centralis)
55
optic disc
"blind spot", contains no photoreceptors, 1 mili ganglionic cells converge
56
lens
focuses visual image on photoreceptors, covered by a dense fibrous capsule that makes lens rounder
57
cataract
when lens becomes older and loses its transparency
58
accomodation
lens flattens when we focus on a distant object, becomes rounder when we focus on a near object. when ciliary body relaxes >>lens is flatter
59
myopia
nearsightedness, distant images are blurry, eyeball is too deep and image is projected in front of retina
60
hyperopia
farsightedness, close objects are blurry, lens may be too flat and image is projected behind retina
61
cones
detect blue, green, and red color vision. (red-green color blindness is most common)
62
visual pathway
1. optic nerve 2. optic chiasm 3. optic tract 4. lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5. optic radiations 6. primary visual area of occipital cortex
63
external ear
auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane is medial boarder
64
middle ear
contains auditiory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, tympanic membrane is lateral border. communicates with throat through the auditory tube
65
internal ear
fluid filled, semicircular canals and cochlea, continuous with temporal bone (bony labyrinth)
66
tensor tympani muscle
inserts on malleus, pulls malleus medially and stiffens the tympanic membrane in response to very loud noise, innervated by trigeminal
67
stapedius muscle
inserts on stapes, prevents movement at the oval window in response to a loud noise, innervated by facial nerve
68
benign tumor on schwann cells of N VIII
causes hearing deficit and disturbances in balance and equilibrium, possible facial paralysis
69
vestibular apparatus
balance and equilibrium, consists of vestibules and semicircular canals, indirectly goes to inferior colliculus
70
perilymph
between bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
71
endolymph
inside membranous labyrinth
72
ampulla
expanded part of semicircular canals that contain sensory receptors for balance and equilibrium
73
cupula
cristae are bound to this, contain hair cells, gelatinous
74
utricle and saccule
contain equilibrium sensations about whether the body is moving or stationary
75
maculae
contain hair cells of utricle and saccule, contain otolith
76
spiral organ of corti
sensory structure for hearing in the cochlea, sits on the basilar membrane (hair cells), in contact with tectorial membrane (ceiling)
77
scala tympani and scala vestibulae contain...
perilymph
78
cochlear duct contains...
endolymph
79
travel of sound waves
1. arrive at tympanic membrane 2. displacement auditory ossicles 3. stapes at oval window, sound waves go up scala vestibulae 4. distort basilar membrane, move hair cells against tectorial membrane 4. sound waves go down scala tympani and to round window
80
low frequency sounds are heard at ___ of cochlea.
bottom
81
lower motor nerons
alpha and gamma motor neurons, cell body lies in the nucleus of brain stem or spinal cord, controlled by upper motor neurons
82
alpha motor neurons
- large and multipolar - heavily myelinated - high conduction velocity - innervate extrafusal muscles - located in all spinal nerves and some cranial nerves
83
gamma motor neurons
- not as large, less myelin - slower conduction velocity - innervate intrafusal fibers - located in all spinal nerves and some cranial
84
upper motor neurons
cell bodies located in cerebral cortex of frontal lobe (primary motor cortex), some located in brain stem
85
LMN disease
flaccid paralysis, decreased muscle tone, fibrillations, decreased reflexes, limited to muscles innervated by LMN
86
UMN disease
spastic paralysis, increased muscle tone, abnormal superficial reflexes (babinski), and exaggerated deep reflexes, lesion in CNS
87
corticospinal pathways
sometimes called the pyramidal system, provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles, three pairs of descending tracts, all enter internal capsule
88
corticobulbar tract
axons synapse on lower motor neurons in motor nuclei of cranial nerves. provide conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, neck and pharynx. decussation in brain stem.
89
lateral corticospinal tract
conscious motor control of skeletal muscles. upper motor neurons: primary motor cortex destination: LMN of anterior gray horns decussation: pyramids of medulla
90
anterior corticospinal tract
conscious motor control of skeletal muscles. UMN: primary motor cortex destination: LMN of anterior spinal gray decussation: level of LMN
91
cerebellum
coordination of voluntary movement, functions at a level unconsciousness (reflex center), influences ipsilateral musculature
92
direct injury to cerebellum = ?
ipsilateral ataxia
93
white matter of cerebellum
afferent fibers coming into brain from spinal cord
94
spinal cord to cerebellar input
proprioceptive info from skeletal muscle
95
cerebral cortex to cerebellar input
sensory, motor, and association cortical areas
96
cerebellar fuction
monitors intentions for movement, monitors actual movement, compares intention with actual movement, sends out corrective feedback
97
vestibulocerebellum
truncal ataxia
98
spinocerebellum
ataxia of gait
99
cerebrocerebellum
increase in muscle tone, tremor of intention, dysmetria, difficulty performing repetitive movements, dyssynergia, dysarthria (trouble speaking)
100
basal ganglia
located in each cerebral hemisphere: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus located in diencephalon: subthalamic nucleus located in midbrain: substantia nigra
101
functions of basal ganglia
influences muscle tone, posture, gross movements, executes programmed movements, influences proper sequencing of movement, suppresses unwanted movements, influences contralateral musculature
102
injury to basal ganglia = ?
dyskinesias (impairment of voluntary movement)
103
basal ganglia disorders
huntington's disease, ballismus, parkinson's disease
104
ataxia
loss of full control of bodily movements
105
parkinson's disease
caused by degeneration of substantia nigra, insufficient dopamine. alterations in muscle tone, akinesia (hesitation in initiation of movement), bradykinesia (slow movement), resting tremors, masked expression
106
Injury above decussation
Contra lateral loss
106
rhodopsin
derivative of visual pigments, consists of protein optin bound to retinal (synthesized from vitamin A

anatomy 102 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions