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anatomy 102 > anat exam 2 > Flashcards

anat exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

graded potential

A

A small deviation from the RMP that makes the membrane either more polarized (more negative inside) or less polarized (less negative inside).
can either be hyperpolarizing or depolarizing

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2
Q

types of graded potentials

A

receptor or generator potentials (occur in sensory receptors or sensory neurons), excitatory or inhibitory

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3
Q

free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch

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4
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

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5
Q

separate cells

A

receptor cells synapse with first order sensory neurons. eye, inner ear, taste buds

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6
Q

exteroreceptors

A

located at or near the body’s surface, sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body, convey info about external environment, convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal, pain sensations. CONSCIOUS

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7
Q

interoreceptors

A

located in blood vessels, internal organs, nervous system. provide info about internal environment; usually SUBCONSCIOUS, conscious only as pain in internal organs

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8
Q

proprioreceptors

A

located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; provide info about body position, muscle length and tension, joint position, and balance

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9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical pressure, provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing and equilibrium, stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temp

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11
Q

nocioceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli

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12
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

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13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids

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14
Q

osmoreceptors

A

sense osmotic pressure of body fluids

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15
Q

root hair plexus

A

touch or movement of hair

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16
Q

merkel cells

A

fine touch and pressure receptors

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17
Q

tactile corpuscle

A

fine touch, pressure, low frequency vibration

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18
Q

lamellated corpuscle

A

deep pressure, high frequency vibration

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19
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

pressure and distortion of the skin, located in dermis

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20
Q

first order neuron

A

delivers sensations to CNS. cell body is in dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion

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21
Q

second order neuron

A

interneuron, in brain or spinal cord

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22
Q

third order neuron

A

in thalamus, synapse with neurons on primary sensory cortex

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23
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A

carries sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temp. divided into an anterior and lateral tract. first order neurons synapse with second order in posterior gray horns, second order decussates in spinal cord

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24
Q

anterior spinothalamic pathway

A

crude touch and pressure sensations

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25
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temp sensations

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26
Q

posterior column pathway

A

carries sensations of fine touch, proprioception, vibrations. fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus are involved

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27
Q

fasciculus gracilis

A

carry sensations from lower half of the body

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28
Q

fasciulus cuneatus

A

carry sensations from upper half of the body

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29
Q

medial lemniscus

A

enter after decussating in posterior column tract

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30
Q

protopathic modalities

A

thermal sensation, pain (fast and slow), crude touch, pressure

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31
Q

epicritic modalities

A

tactile discrimination, proprioception, vibratory sensation

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32
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

produces eye crust

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33
Q

conjunctiva

A

covers inside of the eyelids and outside of eye (not the cornea though)

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34
Q

accessory structures of the eye

A

includes eyelids, superficial epithelium of the eye, and structures associated with tears

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35
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produces, distributes, and removes tears

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36
Q

function of tears

A

provides nutrients and oxygen to eye and cornea

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37
Q

anterior cavity

A

divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber, contains aqueous humor

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38
Q

anterior chamber

A

between the cornea and iris

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39
Q

posterior chamber

A

between iris and lens

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40
Q

posterior cavity

A

contains vitreous humor, provides shape and stability for eye

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41
Q

aqueous humor

A

constantly produced (from blood plasma at ciliary body), circulated, and reabsorbed at same rate (at scleral venous sinus)

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42
Q

fibrous layer

A

outermost layer of the eye, contains sclera and cornea. supports and protects, provides attachment for muscles, contains structures to help in focusing

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43
Q

sclera

A

“white of the eye”, dense fibrous connective tissue of collagen and elastic, attachment for extrinsic muscles

44
Q

cornea

A

transparent, no blood supply, largest point of refraction in the eye occurs here

45
Q

vascular layer

A

includes iris, ciliary body, and choroid. contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and intrinsic muscles of the eye. functions include providing route for blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye, secreting and reabsorbing aqueous humor, controlling shape of lens

46
Q

iris

A

pigmented 2 layers of smooth muscle (constrictor and dialator)

47
Q

constrictor muscles of the iris

A

circular smooth muscle, diameter decreases, parasympathetic stimulation

48
Q

pupillary dialator muscle

A

wagon wheel spokes, enlarges pupil, sympathetic stimulation

49
Q

ciliary body

A

consists of ciliary muscle

50
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

attach to the tips of the ciliary processes

51
Q

choroid

A

vascular layer that separates the fibrous layer and inner layer. delivers oxygen and nutrients to retina. contains melanocytes

52
Q

inner layer

A

contains retina and optic nerve

53
Q

two layers of the retina

A
  1. pigmented part (outer layer, thin, contains photoreceptors, retinal detachment occurs here)
  2. neural layer (inner layer, thick)
54
Q

macula

A

contains no rods, highest concentration of cones is in the center (fovea centralis)

55
Q

optic disc

A

“blind spot”, contains no photoreceptors, 1 mili ganglionic cells converge

56
Q

lens

A

focuses visual image on photoreceptors, covered by a dense fibrous capsule that makes lens rounder

57
Q

cataract

A

when lens becomes older and loses its transparency

58
Q

accomodation

A

lens flattens when we focus on a distant object, becomes rounder when we focus on a near object. when ciliary body relaxes&raquo_space;lens is flatter

59
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness, distant images are blurry, eyeball is too deep and image is projected in front of retina

60
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness, close objects are blurry, lens may be too flat and image is projected behind retina

61
Q

cones

A

detect blue, green, and red color vision. (red-green color blindness is most common)

62
Q

visual pathway

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. optic chiasm
  3. optic tract
  4. lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
  5. optic radiations
  6. primary visual area of occipital cortex
63
Q

external ear

A

auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane is medial boarder

64
Q

middle ear

A

contains auditiory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, tympanic membrane is lateral border. communicates with throat through the auditory tube

65
Q

internal ear

A

fluid filled, semicircular canals and cochlea, continuous with temporal bone (bony labyrinth)

66
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

inserts on malleus, pulls malleus medially and stiffens the tympanic membrane in response to very loud noise, innervated by trigeminal

67
Q

stapedius muscle

A

inserts on stapes, prevents movement at the oval window in response to a loud noise, innervated by facial nerve

68
Q

benign tumor on schwann cells of N VIII

A

causes hearing deficit and disturbances in balance and equilibrium, possible facial paralysis

69
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

balance and equilibrium, consists of vestibules and semicircular canals, indirectly goes to inferior colliculus

70
Q

perilymph

A

between bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

71
Q

endolymph

A

inside membranous labyrinth

72
Q

ampulla

A

expanded part of semicircular canals that contain sensory receptors for balance and equilibrium

73
Q

cupula

A

cristae are bound to this, contain hair cells, gelatinous

74
Q

utricle and saccule

A

contain equilibrium sensations about whether the body is moving or stationary

75
Q

maculae

A

contain hair cells of utricle and saccule, contain otolith

76
Q

spiral organ of corti

A

sensory structure for hearing in the cochlea, sits on the basilar membrane (hair cells), in contact with tectorial membrane (ceiling)

77
Q

scala tympani and scala vestibulae contain…

A

perilymph

78
Q

cochlear duct contains…

A

endolymph

79
Q

travel of sound waves

A
  1. arrive at tympanic membrane
  2. displacement auditory ossicles
  3. stapes at oval window, sound waves go up scala vestibulae
  4. distort basilar membrane, move hair cells against tectorial membrane
  5. sound waves go down scala tympani and to round window
80
Q

low frequency sounds are heard at ___ of cochlea.

A

bottom

81
Q

lower motor nerons

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons, cell body lies in the nucleus of brain stem or spinal cord, controlled by upper motor neurons

82
Q

alpha motor neurons

A
  • large and multipolar
  • heavily myelinated
  • high conduction velocity
  • innervate extrafusal muscles
  • located in all spinal nerves and some cranial nerves
83
Q

gamma motor neurons

A
  • not as large, less myelin
  • slower conduction velocity
  • innervate intrafusal fibers
  • located in all spinal nerves and some cranial
84
Q

upper motor neurons

A

cell bodies located in cerebral cortex of frontal lobe (primary motor cortex), some located in brain stem

85
Q

LMN disease

A

flaccid paralysis, decreased muscle tone, fibrillations, decreased reflexes, limited to muscles innervated by LMN

86
Q

UMN disease

A

spastic paralysis, increased muscle tone, abnormal superficial reflexes (babinski), and exaggerated deep reflexes, lesion in CNS

87
Q

corticospinal pathways

A

sometimes called the pyramidal system, provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles, three pairs of descending tracts, all enter internal capsule

88
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

axons synapse on lower motor neurons in motor nuclei of cranial nerves. provide conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, neck and pharynx. decussation in brain stem.

89
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

conscious motor control of skeletal muscles.
upper motor neurons: primary motor cortex
destination: LMN of anterior gray horns
decussation: pyramids of medulla

90
Q

anterior corticospinal tract

A

conscious motor control of skeletal muscles.
UMN: primary motor cortex
destination: LMN of anterior spinal gray
decussation: level of LMN

91
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination of voluntary movement, functions at a level unconsciousness (reflex center), influences ipsilateral musculature

92
Q

direct injury to cerebellum = ?

A

ipsilateral ataxia

93
Q

white matter of cerebellum

A

afferent fibers coming into brain from spinal cord

94
Q

spinal cord to cerebellar input

A

proprioceptive info from skeletal muscle

95
Q

cerebral cortex to cerebellar input

A

sensory, motor, and association cortical areas

96
Q

cerebellar fuction

A

monitors intentions for movement, monitors actual movement, compares intention with actual movement, sends out corrective feedback

97
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

truncal ataxia

98
Q

spinocerebellum

A

ataxia of gait

99
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

increase in muscle tone, tremor of intention, dysmetria, difficulty performing repetitive movements, dyssynergia, dysarthria (trouble speaking)

100
Q

basal ganglia

A

located in each cerebral hemisphere: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
located in diencephalon: subthalamic nucleus
located in midbrain: substantia nigra

101
Q

functions of basal ganglia

A

influences muscle tone, posture, gross movements, executes programmed movements, influences proper sequencing of movement, suppresses unwanted movements, influences contralateral musculature

102
Q

injury to basal ganglia = ?

A

dyskinesias (impairment of voluntary movement)

103
Q

basal ganglia disorders

A

huntington’s disease, ballismus, parkinson’s disease

104
Q

ataxia

A

loss of full control of bodily movements

105
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

caused by degeneration of substantia nigra, insufficient dopamine. alterations in muscle tone, akinesia (hesitation in initiation of movement), bradykinesia (slow movement), resting tremors, masked expression

106
Q

Injury above decussation

A

Contra lateral loss

106
Q

rhodopsin

A

derivative of visual pigments, consists of protein optin bound to retinal (synthesized from vitamin A

anatomy 102 (3 decks)

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