exam 1 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
where does the spinal cord end?
A
L1-L2
2
Q
how many total pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31
3
Q
how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?
A
8
4
Q
how many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?
A
12
5
Q
how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?
A
5
6
Q
how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?
A
5 + 1 coccygeal nerve
7
Q
what is gray matter composed of?
A
nerve cell bodies, dendrites, portions of unmyelinated nerve axons, neurogial cells
8
Q
what is white matter composed of?
A
myelinated nerve cell axons, unmyelinated axons
9
Q
filum terminale
A
long ligament extending from tip of conus medullaris, attaches to coccyx, composed of pia mater, becomes coccygeal ligament, restricts longitudinal movement of cord
10
Q
CNS
A
composed of brain and spinal cord
11
Q
PNS
A
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
12
Q
Are spinal nerves sensory, motor, or mixed?
A
mixed
13
Q
denticulate ligaments
A
composed of pia mater, extend from lateral surface and laterally fuse with dura, restrict lateral movement of the cord
14
Q
subarachnoid space
A
filled with CSF
15
Q
purpose of spinal meninges
A
physical stability and shock absorption for cord and tissue
16
Q
dura extends to
A
S2
17
Q
dorsal or posterior ramus
A
smaller nerve branch, mixed, sensory fibers carry info from skin of back, motor fibers innervate dep muscles of back
18
Q
anterior or ventral ramus
A
motor fibers innervate muscles of and skin of body wall, muscles and skin of upper and lower limbs
19
Q
spinal rootlets form where?
A
subarachnoid space
20
Q
afferent
A
carries sensory info to the CNS; sensory
21
Q
efferent
A
carries impulses away from the CNS; motor
22
Q
dorsal root ganglia
A
contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
23
Q
dorsal roots
A
axons of sensory neurons, bring sensory info into spinal cord, afferent
24
Q
ventral roots
A
contain axons of motor neurons that extend into periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors, efferent
25
nuclei
clusters of cell bodies with a similar function, masses of gray matter
26
posterior (dorsal) gray horn
contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei,
27
anterior (ventral) gray horn
contain somatic and visceral motor nuclei
28
lateral gray horns
located only in thoracic and lumbar, contains visceral motor nuclei
29
gray commissure
contains axons that cross from one side of the cord to another
30
ascending tracts
carry sensory info toward brain
31
descending tracts
convey motor commands to spinal cord
32
layers of spinal nerves
(from outside) epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
33
dermatome
specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves
34
cervical plexus
C1-C5, innervate muscles of neck and trunk
35
phrenic nerve
part of cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm
36
brachial plexus
C5-T1, innervates pectoral girdle and upper limb
37
musculocutaneous nerve
motor to muscles in upper limb, flexors of arm (brachialis and biceps brachii), part of brachial plexus
38
axillary nerve
sensory of skin of the shoulder, deltoid and teres minor, part of brachial plexus
39
radial nerve
part of brachial plexus, extensors of arm and forearm
40
ulnar nerve
part of brachial plexus, "funny bone", in forearm
41
median nerve
part of brachial plexus, compressed by carpal tunnel, begins at shoulder
42
lumbar plexus
T12-L4, femoral nerve innervates quads
43
sacral plexus
L4-S4, sciaric nerve is largest nerve in the body and braches into tibial and fibular nerve
44
divergence
spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS
45
convergence
providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources
46
serial processing
neurons or pools work sequentially
47
parallel processing
neurons or pools process same info simultaneously
48
reverberation
positive feedback
49
reflexes
rapid, autonomic responses to specific stimuli
50
steps of a reflex arc
- arrival of stimuli and activation of a receptor
- activation on sensory neuron
- information processing
- activation of motor neuron
- responce of peripheral effector
51
innate reflexes
born with it, genitically determined (ex. swallowing)
52
somatic reflexes
skeletal muscle contractions, most are concious
53
visceral (autonomic) reflexes
control actions of smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, adipose tissue
54
monosynaptic reflex
one synapse, minimized delay
55
polysynaptic reflex
multiple synapses, longer delay between stimulus and response, usually more complex and can control several muscles
56
spinal vs cranial reflexes
processing centers differ (spine for spinal, brain for cranial)
57
stretch reflex
monosynaptic, provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length, patellar reflex is example
- stimuls is increasing muscle length
- sensory receptors are muscle spindles
- motor response of muscle contraction of stretched muscle
58
tendon reflex
monitors external tension during a muscle contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of the tendons. polysynaptic
59
withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)
move affected parts of the body away from a painful stimulus. flexor reflex contracts flexors or a limb and relaxes extensors (reciprocal inhibition)
60
reciprocal inhibition
when one set of motor neurons is stimulated, neurons that control antagonistic muscles are inhibited
61
crossed extensor reflex
withdrawal from painful stimulus on one limb while other limb extends and straightens to support body (usually lower limb), polysynaptic
62
ipsilateral
sensory stimulus and motor response occur on same side of the body
63
contralateral
sensory stim and motor response happen on opposite ides of the body
64
characteristics of polysynaptic neurons
1. pools of interneurons
2. intersegmental in distribution
3. reciprocal inhibition
4. reverberating circuits
5. several reflexes may combine into one
65
diencephalon
composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
66
cerebrum
conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious control of skeletal muscle
67
thalamus
relay and processing centers for sensory info
68
hypothalamus
emotion, autonomic functions, hormone production, coordination of nervous and endocrine activities, subconscious skeletal muscle contractions, circadian rhythms, body temp
69
midbrain
processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness
70
pons
relay sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious visceral and somatic motor centers, modify respiration centers in medulla
71
medulla oblongata
relay sensory info to thalamus and other portions of the brain stem, autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function, attachment of 5 cranial nerves
72
what is the brain stem composed of?
medulla, pons, midbrain
73
cerebellum
coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
74
septum pellucidum
membrane separating the 2 lateral ventricles
75
interventricular foramen
small connection between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
76
cerebral aquaduct
connects third ventricle with fourth ventricle
77
where is CSF located?
subarachnoid space
78
falx cerebri
projection of dura into the longitudinal fissure
79
tentorium cerebri
separates cerebellum from cerebrum
80
functions of CSF
1. cushioning delicate neural structures
2. supporting the brain
3. transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
81
how is CSF formed?
choroid plexus turns blood plasma into CSF
82
how does CSF reach subarachnoid space?
through 2 lateral apertures and a median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle.
83
arachnoid granulations
CSF is absorbed into venous circulation
84
blood-brain barrier
formed by capillary epithelial cells that are connected by tight junctions, only lipid soluble solutions (gases, alcohol) can diffuse into barrier, astrocytes control permeability
85
superior colliculi
reflex movements of the eye, head, neck in response to visual stimuli
86
inferior colliculi
reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli
87
substantia nigra
darkly pigmented nucleus, controls movements, damage results in parkinson's disease, secretes dopamine
88
pineal glan
secretes melatonin, important in the sleep-wake cycle and reproduction
89
basal ganglia
produce pattern of movement
90
association fibers
interconnect areas of cerebral cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere
91
arcuate fibers
type of association fiber, connect one gyrus to another, short
92
longitudinal fasciculi
connect frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere , longer bundles
93
commissural fibers
interconnect and permit communication between cerebral hemispheres, prominent at corpus callosum and anterior commissure
94
projection fibers
link the cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. must pass through diencephalon
95
internal capsule
entire collection of ascending and descending projection fibers, often involved in strokes
96
functions of basal nuclei
subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movements
97
precentral gyrus
anterior border of central sulcus, contains primary motor cortex
98
primary motor cortex
direct voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord
99
postcentral gyrus
posterior border of central sulcus, contains primary sensory cortex
100
primary sensory cortex
recieve somatic sensory info for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, or temp.
101
visual cortex
in occipital lobe, receives visual info
102
auditory and olfactory cortex
in temporal lobe, receives hearing and smell info
103
gustatory cortex
receives info from tongue and pharynx
104
somatic sensory association area
monitors activity in primary sensory cortex
105
visual association area
monitors patterns of activity in visual cortex and interprets the results
106
auditory association area
monitors sensory activity in auditory cortex, word recognition
107
premotor cortex or somatic motor association area
responsible for coordination of larned movements, includes frontal eye field
108
integrative centers
areas that receive info from many association areas and direct very complex motor activities and analytical funtions
109
prefrontal cortex
in frontal lobe, integrates sensory info, perform abstract intellectual functions, feelings and consequences
110
general interpretive area
wernicke's area, receives info from all sensory association areas, present in one hemisphere, plays role in personality and coordinating access to visual or auditory memories
111
speech area
broca's area, regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech
112
left hemisphere of the cerebrum
reading, writing, speaking, analytic tasks, and logical decision making
113
right hemisphere of the cerebrum
relates the body to sensory info, recognizing and associating senses and emotions
114
Olfactory nerve
N I, sensory only, only cranial nerve attached to the cerebrum, responsible for the sense of smell
115
optic nerve
N II, sensory, carry visual info to eye and allow vison
116
occulomotor nerve
N III, motor, innervates 4 of the 6 muscles of the eye and levatator palpebrae superioris,
117
cerebellar peduncles
bundles of axons that bring info in from spinal cord. inferior-from spinal cord/ middle- from pons/ superior- cerebellum to thalamus
118
trochlear nerve
N IV, motor, innervates the superior oblique
119
trigeminal nerve
N V, mixed, three branches
120
opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
sensory to cornea, skin of forehead, eyebrow.
121
maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
sensory to lower eye, upper lip, cheek, upper teeth and hard palate.
122
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
mixed; sensory to lower teeth and lip, anterior 2/3 of tongue, palate. motor to muscles of mastification
123
abducens nerve
N VI, motor, innervate lateral rectus muscles
124
facial nerve
N VII, mixed. sensory taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and salivary glands. motor to muscles of mastification and facial expression
125
vestibulocochlear nerve
N VIII, sensory, balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and sense of hearing (cochlear branch)
126
glossopharyngeal nerve
N IX, mixed. sensory to posterior one thirs of tongue, pharynx and palate, carotid arteries of neck. motor to muscles for swallowing. innervates parotid salivary glands and is responsible for the gaga reflex
127
vagus nerve
N X, mixed. sensory to pharynx, visceral organ in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity (respiratory, cardiac, mucous glands in respiratory). motor to muscles of gag reflex and swallowing (soft palate) and the vocal cords.
128
accessory nerve
N XI, motor, innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, voluntary swallowing muscles
129
hypoglossal nerve
N XII, motor to muscles that move the tongue
130
mnemonic for the cranial nerves
Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch A Female's Vagina Gives Vinny A Hard-on
131
mnemonic for classification of cranial nerves
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
132
subdural hematoma
ruptured venous channels
133
ependymal cells
produce, circulate, and monitor csf
134
astrocytes
maintain BBB
