ANAPHY BOOK BASED PRELIM REVIEWER Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
cut up
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Study of internal and external structures of the body and their relationship to each other
A
Anatomy
3
Q
level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
A
Chemical Level
4
Q
the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.
A
cell
5
Q
smaller structures inside cell
A
organelles
6
Q
carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement
A
organelles
7
Q
contains hereditary information
A
nucleus
8
Q
organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
A
mitochondria
9
Q
composed of a group of similar cells
and the materials surrounding them
A
Tissue
10
Q
four basic tissue types
A
ECMN (1) epithelial, (2) connective, (3) muscle, and (4) nervous.
11
Q
composed of two or more tissue
types that perform one or more common functions
A
ORGAN
12
Q
group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
A
ORGAN SYSTEM
13
Q
THERE ARE ___ MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEM
A
11
14
Q
consider interactions of the organ systems.
A
SYTEM PATHOLOGY
15
Q
any living thing considered
as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human
A
ORGANISM
16
Q
The most important common feature of all organisms
A
LIFE
17
Q
refers to the specific interrelationships among
the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
A
ORGANIZATION
18
Q
Disruption of organized state can result in
A
loss of functions, or even death.
19
Q
ability to use energy and to perform vital functions.
A
METABOLISM
20
Q
refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism
A
METABOLISM
21
Q
used to rearrange the shape of
molecules
A
energy
22
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
The shape of a molecule determines its function.
A
T
23
Q
T OR F
Some changes in molecular shape can allow certain cells to
change shape
A
T
24
Q
necessary for other vital functions, such as responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction
A
METABOLISM
25
organism’s ability to sense changes in its
external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
RESPONSIVENESS
26
Include actions such as moving toward food or water
and moving away from danger or poor environmental conditions Organisms can also make adjustments that maintain their internal environment
RESPONSIVENESS
27
Provides protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and helps produce
vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
sweat glands
Integumentary System
28
Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
29
Produces body movements, maintains posture,
and produces body heat. Consists of muscles
attached to the skeleton by tendons
Muscular System
30
A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiological processes, and intellectual
functions.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
31
A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many
other functions. Consists of glands, such as the
pituitary, that secrete hormones.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
32
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays
a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature. Consists of
the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYS
33
refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which
produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.
growth
34
T OR FALSE
the skin of an infant has more cells than the skin of an adult
FALSE
35
Removes foreign substances from the blood
and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue
fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from
the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs
lymphatic sys
36
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates blood
pH
respiratory sys
37
Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive sys
38
Removes waste products from the blood and
regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water
balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ducts that carry urine
Urinary sys
39
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization
and fetal development; produces milk for the
newborn; produces hormones that influence
sexual function and behaviors
female repro sys
40
Produces and transfers sperm cells to
the female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.
male repro sys
41
changes an organism undergoes
through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at
death
develpment
42
usually involves growth,
but it also involves differentiation and morphogenesis.
development
43
involves changes in a cell’s structure
and function from an immature, generalized state to a
mature, specialized state
Differentiation (Development)
44
is the change in shape of tissues, organs,
and the entire organism
morphogenesis
45
formation of new cells or new organisms.
reproduction
46
the existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment within the body
homeostasis
47
t or f?
To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly
changing.
t
48
Changes in our environmental conditions, such as hot or cold outdoor temperatures, are
called
variables
49
For cells to function normally, the ___, ____, ____,of
their environment must be maintained within a narrow range
volume, temperature, and chemical content
50
ideal normal value
set point
51
The body ___ increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a
normal range
52
normal body temperature range is no more than
1 degree Fahrenheit above
53
normal body temp
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
54
Most systems of the body are regulated by
negative feedback
55
monitor the value of
a variable
receptor
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_____ is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore, in a _____-feedback mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller.
negative feedback
57
3 components of negative feedback
receptor, control center, effector
58
monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature by detecting stimuli
receptor
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such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
control center
60
can adjust the value of the variable when directed
by the control center, usually back toward the set point
effector
61
a changed variable
stimulus
62
t/f
the effectors produce their responses
indefinitely and are controlled by negative feedback
false
63
metabolic pathways, are regulated by what feedback?
negative feedback
64
are chemical reactions driven by biological
protein catalysts called enzymes
metabolic pathways
65
mechanisms occur when a response to the
original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.
positive feedback
66
Two basic principles about homeostatic mechanisms to
remember are that (1) many disease states result from the failure
of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and
(2) some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead
of helpful.
edi wow
67
individual workstations within the cell
organelles
68
largest organelle of the cell
nucleus
69
Cells secreting large amounts of protein
contain well-developed
organelles that synthesize and secrete protein
70
cells actively transporting substances across their plasma membrane contain highly developed organelles that prouduce
ATP
71
a large, membrane-bound structure usually located
near the center of the cell
NUCLEUS
72
It may be spherical, elongated, or lobed
NUCLEUS
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T/F
RBC Lose their nuclei as they developed
t
74
T/f
skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts contain more than one nucleus
t
75
nucleoplasm is surrounded by
nuclear envelope
76
nuclear envelope is composed of
2 membranes seperated by space
77
the inner and outer membranes fuse to form
porelike structures called
nuclear pores
78
_____ move between
the nucleus and the cytoplasm through these openings
molecule
79
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is mostly found within the
nucleus
80
small amounts of DNA are also found within
mitochondria
81
The DNA and associated proteins are organized into discrete structures called ____
chromosomes
82
The associated proteins include ____, which are important for the structural organization of DNA, as well as other proteins that regulate DNA function.
histones
83
During most of the cell’s life cycle, the chromosomes are
dispersed throughout the nucleus as delicate filaments collectively referred to as ______
chromatin
84
t/f DNA is a large molecule however and cannot
leave the nucleus
t
85
DNA directs protein synthesis by means
of an intermediate, ________, which can leave the nucleus through nuclear pores
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
86
Three types of RNA molecules
(1) messenger RNA (mRNA),
(2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and
(3) transfer RNA (tRNA).
87
Red blood cells survive without a nucleus for
about_____ days
120
88
a dense region within the
nucleus.
nucleolus
89
A nucleolus lacks a
surrounding membrane
90
The subunits for ribosomes are manufactured in the
nucleolus
91
the portions of chromosomes that contain DNA from which rRNA is produced are
located in the ____-
nucleolus
92
sites of protein synthesis
ribosome
93
The ribosomal subunits consist of
rRna (ribosomal RNa)
94
ASSEMBLE
(A) where the ribosomal subunits assemble with mRNA
(B)to form the functional ribosome during protein synthesis.
(C)The ribosomal subunits then move through the nuclear pores into the
cytoplasm,
CAB
95
ribosome attach to an intracellular membrane complex called
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
96
_____ ribosomes primarily synthesize proteins used inside
the cell
Free ribosomes
97
produce integral membrane proteins and proteins that are
secreted from the cell.
ribosomes attached to the ER
98
ASSEMBLE
(A) The small and large subunits, now in the
cytoplasm, combine with each other and
with mRNA during protein synthesis
(B) rRNA, most of which is produced in the
nucleolus, is assembled with ribosomal
proteins to form small and large ribosomal
subunits.
(C) Ribosomal proteins, produced in the
cytoplasm, are transported through
nuclear pores into the nucleolus
(D) The small and large ribosomal subunits
leave the nucleolus and the nucleus
through nuclear pores.
CBDA
99
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with a
series of membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the
cell collectively referred to as
ER
100
network inside the
cytoplasm
ER
101
ER network inside the
cytoplasm
CISTERNAE
102
ER WITH RIBOSOMES
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
103
ER WITHOUT RIBOSOMES
SMOOTH ER
104
sites where proteins are produced and modified for use
as integral membrane proteins and for secretion into the extracellular
space
ROUGH ER
105
Cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize
large amounts of protein, which are secreted for use outside the cell.
yes
106
manufactures lipids, such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, as well as carboohydrates. Enzymes required for lipid synthesis are associated with
the membranes of the
smooth er
107
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum also participates in detoxification,
processes by which
enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and
reduce their toxicity.
108
packaging and distribution center because it modifies, packages,
and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the rough and
smooth endoplasmic reticula
GOLGI APPARATUS
109
Proteins produced at the ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum move into the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are later packaged
into ______ that then move to the Golgi apparatus.
TRANSPORT VESICLES
110
These transport vesicles fuse with the Golgi apparatus membrane and release the proteins into the Golgi apparatus cisterna. The Golgi apparatus concentrates and, in some cases, chemically modifies the proteins by synthesizing and attaching carbohydrate molecules to the proteins to form glycoproteins or by attaching lipids to the proteins to form lipoproteins. The proteins are then packaged into vesicles that pinch off from the margins of the Golgi apparatus and are distributed to various locations.
YES
111
Some vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane, where the
proteins are secreted from the cell by_____
EXOCYTOSIS
112
pinch off from the Golgi apparatus move to the surface of the cell,
their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, and the contents of the vesicles are released to the exterior by exocytosis. The
membranes of the vesicles are then incorporated into the plasma
membrane.
SECRETORY VESICLES
113
_____ carry proteins to the plasma
membrane, where the proteins are secreted from the cell
by exocytosis
SECRETORY VESICLE
114
digest nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids
lysosome
115
autophagy
self eating
116
Lysosomes also digest the organelles of the cell that are no longer functional, a process
autophagy
117
membrane-bound vesicles that are smaller than lysosomes which contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, can produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2
peroxisome
118
Peroxisomes also contain this enzyme which breaks down
hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen thereby eliminating the toxic
substance
catalase
119
large protein complexes containing enzymes that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell; not surrounded by membranes but instead are a collection of specific proteins forming barrel-like structures. The
inner surfaces of the barrel have enzymatic regions that break down the proteins. Other proteins at the ends of the barrel regulate which proteins are taken in for breakdown and recycling
proteasomes
120
organelles that provide the
majority of the energy for the cell.
mitochondria
121
the cell’s power plants
mitochondria
122
a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus, is the center of microtubule formation in the cell.
centrosome
123
Within the centrosome are
2 centrioles
124
size of one centriole
0.3–0.5 μm
in length and 0.15 μm in diameter,
125
orientation of centrioles in centrosome
perpendicular to each other
126
nine evenly spaced, longitudinally oriented, parallel units, or triplets. Each unit consists of three parallel microtubules joined together
wall of the centriole
127
appear to influence the distribution of actin
and intermediate filaments
microtubules
128
Through its control of microtubule
formation, the centrosome is closely involved in determining
cell shape and movement
129
microtubules that extend out in all directions from the centrosome.
spindle fibers
130
before cell division, the two centrioles ______
double in number
131
Microtubules _____ extend out in all directions from the centrosome.
spindle fibers
132
are structures that project from the surface of cells
and are capable of movement
cilia (mabuhok)
133
proteins connecting adjacent pairs of microtubules, push the microtubules past each other
dynein arms
134
(a modified centriole) is located in the
cytoplasm at the base of the cilium.
basal body
135
what part of the body is cilia abundant?
respiratory tract and female reproductive tract
136
function of cilia
Their motion moves materials over the
surface of the cells
137
have a structure similar to that of cilia, but
they are longer
flagella
138
only human cells that possess flagella
sperm cell
139
if cilia move small particles across the cell surface , what does the flagella move?
the entire cell
140
flagella move in a
wavelike fashion
141
The presence of microvilli increases the
cell surface
142
microvilli can only be seen with an, _____
whereas, cilia can be seen with a ______-
electron microscope, light microscope
143
Microvilli do not move, and they are supported
with _____ _________, not microtubules.
actin filaments
144
microvilli are commonly found on areas where absorption is an important function and can be a sensory receptors
yes yes
145
includes the changes a cell undergoes from
the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells.
cell cycle
146
cell cycle 2 stages
interphase, cell division
147
Cell division includes
1. mitosis, the division of the nucleus, and
2. cytokinesis, the division of the
cytoplasm
148
phase between cell divisions; nearly all of
the life cycle of a typical cell is spent in this phase
interphase
149
During this time, the cell carries out the metabolic activities necessary for life and performs its specialized functions
interphase
150
Interphase can be divided into three subphases:
1) G1,
(2) S, and
(3) G2
151
During G1 (the first gap phase),
cell carries out routine metabolic activities
152
During the S phase
(the synthesis phase),
the DNA is replicated (new DNA is
synthesized).
153
During the G2 phase (the second gap phase
the cell prepares for cell division
154
Many cells of the body do not divide for days, months, or even years. These “resting” cells do not follow the normal pattern of the cell cycle but instead enter what is called the ____ , In which they remain unless stimulated to divide
G0
155
process in which the two strands of a DNA molecule separate
and each serves as the template for making complementary new
strands of nucleotides.
DNA REPLICATION
156
During ____, DNA and its associated proteins
appear as dispersed chromatin threads within the nucleus.
When DNA replication begins, the two strands of each DNA
molecule separate from each other for some distance
interphase
157
The production of the new nucleotide strands
is catalyzed by
DNA polymerase
158
an enzyme that adds new
nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing strands
DNA polymerase
159
continuous strand
leading strand
160
forms in short segments called Okazaki fragments
lagging strand
161
Each cell of the human body, except for sex cells, contains a
specific number of chromosomes, known as the
diploid number
162
diploid number in humans is (how many)
46 chromosomes
163
Sex cells have (how many)
haploid number of chromosomes, which is half the diploid
number, or 23
164
CG
TA
CYTOSINE, GUANINE
THYMINE, ADENINE
165
Cell division involves two major events:
Cell division involves two major events: (1) division of the
chromosomes into two new nuclei and (2) division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, each of which contains one of the
newly formed nuclei
166
cytoplasmic division
cytokinesis
167
division of a cell’s nucleus into two new nuclei, each containing the same amount and type of DNA as the original nucleus
CELL DIVISION
168
During mitosis, the chromatin becomes
very densely coiled to form compact chromosomes called
mitotic chromosomes
169
Each copy of chromatin is called
chromatid
170
The chromatids are attached at the
centromere
171
protein structure that binds the centromere and provides a point of attachment for microtubules that will separate and move the chromatids during mitosis.
kinetochore
172
the chromatin
condenses to form mitotic chromosomes
prophase
173
the chromosomes align
near the center of the cell
metaphase
174
the chromatids separate
anaphase
175
nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes to form two separate nuclei.
telophase
176
is the division of the cell’s cytoplasm to produce two new cells. It begins in anaphase and continues through telophase
cytokinesis
177
The first sign of cytokinesis is the formation of a
cleavage furrow
178
or programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell number within various tissues is
adjusted and controlled.
apoptosis
