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MLS111 > ANAPHY BOOK BASED PRELIM REVIEWER > Flashcards

ANAPHY BOOK BASED PRELIM REVIEWER Flashcards

1
Q

cut up

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of internal and external structures of the body and their relationship to each other

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

A

Chemical Level

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4
Q

the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.

A

cell

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5
Q

smaller structures inside cell

A

organelles

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6
Q

carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement

A

organelles

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7
Q

contains hereditary information

A

nucleus

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8
Q

organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP),

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

composed of a group of similar cells
and the materials surrounding them

A

Tissue

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10
Q

four basic tissue types

A

ECMN (1) epithelial, (2) connective, (3) muscle, and (4) nervous.

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11
Q

composed of two or more tissue
types that perform one or more common functions

A

ORGAN

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12
Q

group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

A

ORGAN SYSTEM

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13
Q

THERE ARE ___ MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEM

A

11

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14
Q

consider interactions of the organ systems.

A

SYTEM PATHOLOGY

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15
Q

any living thing considered
as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human

A

ORGANISM

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16
Q

The most important common feature of all organisms

A

LIFE

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17
Q

refers to the specific interrelationships among
the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

A

ORGANIZATION

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18
Q

Disruption of organized state can result in

A

loss of functions, or even death.

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19
Q

ability to use energy and to perform vital functions.

A

METABOLISM

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20
Q

refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism

A

METABOLISM

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21
Q

used to rearrange the shape of
molecules

A

energy

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

The shape of a molecule determines its function.

A

T

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23
Q

T OR F
Some changes in molecular shape can allow certain cells to
change shape

A

T

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24
Q

necessary for other vital functions, such as responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction

A

METABOLISM

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25
Q

organism’s ability to sense changes in its
external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.

A

RESPONSIVENESS

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26
Q

Include actions such as moving toward food or water
and moving away from danger or poor environmental conditions Organisms can also make adjustments that maintain their internal environment

A

RESPONSIVENESS

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27
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and helps produce
vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
sweat glands

A

Integumentary System

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28
Q

Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

A

Skeletal System

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29
Q

Produces body movements, maintains posture,
and produces body heat. Consists of muscles
attached to the skeleton by tendons

A

Muscular System

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30
Q

A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiological processes, and intellectual
functions.

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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31
Q

A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many
other functions. Consists of glands, such as the
pituitary, that secrete hormones.

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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32
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays
a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature. Consists of
the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYS

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33
Q

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which
produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.

A

growth

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34
Q

T OR FALSE
the skin of an infant has more cells than the skin of an adult

A

FALSE

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35
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood
and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue
fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from
the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs

A

lymphatic sys

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36
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates blood
pH

A

respiratory sys

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37
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

A

Digestive sys

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38
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and
regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water
balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ducts that carry urine

A

Urinary sys

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39
Q

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization
and fetal development; produces milk for the
newborn; produces hormones that influence
sexual function and behaviors

A

female repro sys

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40
Q

Produces and transfers sperm cells to
the female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.

A

male repro sys

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41
Q

changes an organism undergoes
through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at
death

A

develpment

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42
Q

usually involves growth,
but it also involves differentiation and morphogenesis.

A

development

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43
Q

involves changes in a cell’s structure
and function from an immature, generalized state to a
mature, specialized state

A

Differentiation (Development)

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44
Q

is the change in shape of tissues, organs,
and the entire organism

A

morphogenesis

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45
Q

formation of new cells or new organisms.

A

reproduction

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46
Q

the existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment within the body

A

homeostasis

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47
Q

t or f?

To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly
changing.

A

t

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48
Q

Changes in our environmental conditions, such as hot or cold outdoor temperatures, are
called

A

variables

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49
Q

For cells to function normally, the ___, ____, ____,of
their environment must be maintained within a narrow range

A

volume, temperature, and chemical content

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50
Q

ideal normal value

A

set point

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51
Q

The body ___ increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a

A

normal range

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52
Q

normal body temperature range is no more than

A

1 degree Fahrenheit above

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53
Q

normal body temp

A

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

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54
Q

Most systems of the body are regulated by

A

negative feedback

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55
Q

monitor the value of
a variable

A

receptor

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56
Q

_____ is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore, in a _____-feedback mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller.

A

negative feedback

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57
Q

3 components of negative feedback

A

receptor, control center, effector

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58
Q

monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature by detecting stimuli

A

receptor

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59
Q

such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

A

control center

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60
Q

can adjust the value of the variable when directed
by the control center, usually back toward the set point

A

effector

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61
Q

a changed variable

A

stimulus

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62
Q

t/f
the effectors produce their responses
indefinitely and are controlled by negative feedback

A

false

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63
Q

metabolic pathways, are regulated by what feedback?

A

negative feedback

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64
Q

are chemical reactions driven by biological
protein catalysts called enzymes

A

metabolic pathways

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65
Q

mechanisms occur when a response to the
original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

A

positive feedback

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66
Q

Two basic principles about homeostatic mechanisms to
remember are that (1) many disease states result from the failure
of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and
(2) some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead
of helpful.

A

edi wow

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67
Q

individual workstations within the cell

A

organelles

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68
Q

largest organelle of the cell

A

nucleus

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69
Q

Cells secreting large amounts of protein

A

contain well-developed
organelles that synthesize and secrete protein

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70
Q

cells actively transporting substances across their plasma membrane contain highly developed organelles that prouduce

A

ATP

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71
Q

a large, membrane-bound structure usually located
near the center of the cell

A

NUCLEUS

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72
Q

It may be spherical, elongated, or lobed

A

NUCLEUS

73
Q

T/F

RBC Lose their nuclei as they developed

A

t

74
Q

T/f
skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts contain more than one nucleus

A

t

75
Q

nucleoplasm is surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope

76
Q

nuclear envelope is composed of

A

2 membranes seperated by space

77
Q

the inner and outer membranes fuse to form
porelike structures called

A

nuclear pores

78
Q

_____ move between
the nucleus and the cytoplasm through these openings

A

molecule

79
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is mostly found within the

A

nucleus

80
Q

small amounts of DNA are also found within

A

mitochondria

81
Q

The DNA and associated proteins are organized into discrete structures called ____

A

chromosomes

82
Q

The associated proteins include ____, which are important for the structural organization of DNA, as well as other proteins that regulate DNA function.

A

histones

83
Q

During most of the cell’s life cycle, the chromosomes are
dispersed throughout the nucleus as delicate filaments collectively referred to as ______

A

chromatin

84
Q

t/f DNA is a large molecule however and cannot
leave the nucleus

A

t

85
Q

DNA directs protein synthesis by means
of an intermediate, ________, which can leave the nucleus through nuclear pores

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

86
Q

Three types of RNA molecules

A

(1) messenger RNA (mRNA),
(2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and
(3) transfer RNA (tRNA).

87
Q

Red blood cells survive without a nucleus for
about_____ days

A

120

88
Q

a dense region within the
nucleus.

A

nucleolus

89
Q

A nucleolus lacks a

A

surrounding membrane

90
Q

The subunits for ribosomes are manufactured in the

A

nucleolus

91
Q

the portions of chromosomes that contain DNA from which rRNA is produced are
located in the ____-

A

nucleolus

92
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

93
Q

The ribosomal subunits consist of

A

rRna (ribosomal RNa)

94
Q

ASSEMBLE
(A) where the ribosomal subunits assemble with mRNA
(B)to form the functional ribosome during protein synthesis.
(C)The ribosomal subunits then move through the nuclear pores into the
cytoplasm,

A

CAB

95
Q

ribosome attach to an intracellular membrane complex called

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

96
Q

_____ ribosomes primarily synthesize proteins used inside
the cell

A

Free ribosomes

97
Q

produce integral membrane proteins and proteins that are
secreted from the cell.

A

ribosomes attached to the ER

98
Q

ASSEMBLE

(A) The small and large subunits, now in the
cytoplasm, combine with each other and
with mRNA during protein synthesis
(B) rRNA, most of which is produced in the
nucleolus, is assembled with ribosomal
proteins to form small and large ribosomal
subunits.
(C) Ribosomal proteins, produced in the
cytoplasm, are transported through
nuclear pores into the nucleolus
(D) The small and large ribosomal subunits
leave the nucleolus and the nucleus
through nuclear pores.

A

CBDA

99
Q

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with a
series of membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the
cell collectively referred to as

A

ER

100
Q

network inside the
cytoplasm

A

ER

101
Q

ER network inside the
cytoplasm

A

CISTERNAE

102
Q

ER WITH RIBOSOMES

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

103
Q

ER WITHOUT RIBOSOMES

A

SMOOTH ER

104
Q

sites where proteins are produced and modified for use
as integral membrane proteins and for secretion into the extracellular
space

A

ROUGH ER

105
Q

Cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize
large amounts of protein, which are secreted for use outside the cell.

A

yes

106
Q

manufactures lipids, such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, as well as carboohydrates. Enzymes required for lipid synthesis are associated with
the membranes of the

A

smooth er

107
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum also participates in detoxification,

A

processes by which
enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and
reduce their toxicity.

108
Q

packaging and distribution center because it modifies, packages,
and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the rough and
smooth endoplasmic reticula

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

109
Q

Proteins produced at the ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum move into the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are later packaged
into ______ that then move to the Golgi apparatus.

A

TRANSPORT VESICLES

110
Q

These transport vesicles fuse with the Golgi apparatus membrane and release the proteins into the Golgi apparatus cisterna. The Golgi apparatus concentrates and, in some cases, chemically modifies the proteins by synthesizing and attaching carbohydrate molecules to the proteins to form glycoproteins or by attaching lipids to the proteins to form lipoproteins. The proteins are then packaged into vesicles that pinch off from the margins of the Golgi apparatus and are distributed to various locations.

A

YES

111
Q

Some vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane, where the
proteins are secreted from the cell by_____

A

EXOCYTOSIS

112
Q

pinch off from the Golgi apparatus move to the surface of the cell,
their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, and the contents of the vesicles are released to the exterior by exocytosis. The
membranes of the vesicles are then incorporated into the plasma
membrane.

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

113
Q

_____ carry proteins to the plasma
membrane, where the proteins are secreted from the cell
by exocytosis

A

SECRETORY VESICLE

114
Q

digest nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids

A

lysosome

115
Q

autophagy

A

self eating

116
Q

Lysosomes also digest the organelles of the cell that are no longer functional, a process

A

autophagy

117
Q

membrane-bound vesicles that are smaller than lysosomes which contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, can produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2

A

peroxisome

118
Q

Peroxisomes also contain this enzyme which breaks down
hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen thereby eliminating the toxic
substance

A

catalase

119
Q

large protein complexes containing enzymes that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell; not surrounded by membranes but instead are a collection of specific proteins forming barrel-like structures. The
inner surfaces of the barrel have enzymatic regions that break down the proteins. Other proteins at the ends of the barrel regulate which proteins are taken in for breakdown and recycling

A

proteasomes

120
Q

organelles that provide the
majority of the energy for the cell.

A

mitochondria

121
Q

the cell’s power plants

A

mitochondria

122
Q

a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus, is the center of microtubule formation in the cell.

A

centrosome

123
Q

Within the centrosome are

A

2 centrioles

124
Q

size of one centriole

A

0.3–0.5 μm
in length and 0.15 μm in diameter,

125
Q

orientation of centrioles in centrosome

A

perpendicular to each other

126
Q

nine evenly spaced, longitudinally oriented, parallel units, or triplets. Each unit consists of three parallel microtubules joined together

A

wall of the centriole

127
Q

appear to influence the distribution of actin
and intermediate filaments

A

microtubules

128
Q

Through its control of microtubule
formation, the centrosome is closely involved in determining

A

cell shape and movement

129
Q

microtubules that extend out in all directions from the centrosome.

A

spindle fibers

130
Q

before cell division, the two centrioles ______

A

double in number

131
Q

Microtubules _____ extend out in all directions from the centrosome.

A

spindle fibers

132
Q

are structures that project from the surface of cells
and are capable of movement

A

cilia (mabuhok)

133
Q

proteins connecting adjacent pairs of microtubules, push the microtubules past each other

A

dynein arms

134
Q

(a modified centriole) is located in the
cytoplasm at the base of the cilium.

A

basal body

135
Q

what part of the body is cilia abundant?

A

respiratory tract and female reproductive tract

136
Q

function of cilia

A

Their motion moves materials over the
surface of the cells

137
Q

have a structure similar to that of cilia, but
they are longer

A

flagella

138
Q

only human cells that possess flagella

A

sperm cell

139
Q

if cilia move small particles across the cell surface , what does the flagella move?

A

the entire cell

140
Q

flagella move in a

A

wavelike fashion

141
Q

The presence of microvilli increases the

A

cell surface

142
Q

microvilli can only be seen with an, _____
whereas, cilia can be seen with a ______-

A

electron microscope, light microscope

143
Q

Microvilli do not move, and they are supported
with _____ _________, not microtubules.

A

actin filaments

144
Q

microvilli are commonly found on areas where absorption is an important function and can be a sensory receptors

A

yes yes

145
Q

includes the changes a cell undergoes from
the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells.

A

cell cycle

146
Q

cell cycle 2 stages

A

interphase, cell division

147
Q

Cell division includes

A
  1. mitosis, the division of the nucleus, and
  2. cytokinesis, the division of the
    cytoplasm
148
Q

phase between cell divisions; nearly all of
the life cycle of a typical cell is spent in this phase

A

interphase

149
Q

During this time, the cell carries out the metabolic activities necessary for life and performs its specialized functions

A

interphase

150
Q

Interphase can be divided into three subphases:

A

1) G1,
(2) S, and
(3) G2

151
Q

During G1 (the first gap phase),

A

cell carries out routine metabolic activities

152
Q

During the S phase
(the synthesis phase),

A

the DNA is replicated (new DNA is
synthesized).

153
Q

During the G2 phase (the second gap phase

A

the cell prepares for cell division

154
Q

Many cells of the body do not divide for days, months, or even years. These “resting” cells do not follow the normal pattern of the cell cycle but instead enter what is called the ____ , In which they remain unless stimulated to divide

A

G0

155
Q

process in which the two strands of a DNA molecule separate
and each serves as the template for making complementary new
strands of nucleotides.

A

DNA REPLICATION

156
Q

During ____, DNA and its associated proteins
appear as dispersed chromatin threads within the nucleus.
When DNA replication begins, the two strands of each DNA
molecule separate from each other for some distance

A

interphase

157
Q

The production of the new nucleotide strands
is catalyzed by

A

DNA polymerase

158
Q

an enzyme that adds new
nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing strands

A

DNA polymerase

159
Q

continuous strand

A

leading strand

160
Q

forms in short segments called Okazaki fragments

A

lagging strand

161
Q

Each cell of the human body, except for sex cells, contains a
specific number of chromosomes, known as the

A

diploid number

162
Q

diploid number in humans is (how many)

A

46 chromosomes

163
Q

Sex cells have (how many)

A

haploid number of chromosomes, which is half the diploid
number, or 23

164
Q

CG
TA

A

CYTOSINE, GUANINE
THYMINE, ADENINE

165
Q

Cell division involves two major events:

A

Cell division involves two major events: (1) division of the
chromosomes into two new nuclei and (2) division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, each of which contains one of the
newly formed nuclei

166
Q

cytoplasmic division

A

cytokinesis

167
Q

division of a cell’s nucleus into two new nuclei, each containing the same amount and type of DNA as the original nucleus

A

CELL DIVISION

168
Q

During mitosis, the chromatin becomes
very densely coiled to form compact chromosomes called

A

mitotic chromosomes

169
Q

Each copy of chromatin is called

A

chromatid

170
Q

The chromatids are attached at the

A

centromere

171
Q

protein structure that binds the centromere and provides a point of attachment for microtubules that will separate and move the chromatids during mitosis.

A

kinetochore

172
Q

the chromatin
condenses to form mitotic chromosomes

A

prophase

173
Q

the chromosomes align
near the center of the cell

A

metaphase

174
Q

the chromatids separate

A

anaphase

175
Q

nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes to form two separate nuclei.

A

telophase

176
Q

is the division of the cell’s cytoplasm to produce two new cells. It begins in anaphase and continues through telophase

A

cytokinesis

177
Q

The first sign of cytokinesis is the formation of a

A

cleavage furrow

178
Q

or programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell number within various tissues is
adjusted and controlled.

A

apoptosis

MLS111 (13 decks)

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