ANAT 150 Chapter 6 Lecture Notes

Question 1

Support

Answer 1

Bone is hard and rigid; Cartilage is flexible yet strong

Question 2

Protection

Answer 2

Skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae
Protect thoracic cavity organs

Question 3

Movement

Answer 3

Produced by muscles attached to bones by tendons (ex: nervous system)

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

Calcium & phosphate stored and released.

Adipose tissue is stored in marrow cavities.

Question 5

Blood Cell Production

Answer 5

Bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets

Question 6

What is responsible for blood cell production

Answer 6

Red bone marrow

Question 7

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage (main type)

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

Question 8

The fetal skeleton is made up of ______ cartilage at one point.

Answer 8

Hyaline

Question 9

Matrix

Answer 9

Collagen fibers for strength

Proteoglycans for resiliency

Question 10

Perichondrium

Answer 10

Double-layered C.T. sheath

Covers cartilage

(Outer edge surrounding layer)

Question 11

Articular cartilage

Answer 11

Covers bones at joints; no perichondrium growth

Question 12

Appositional

Answer 12

Growth in width or diameter

Question 13

Interstitial

Answer 13

Growth in height

Question 14

Osteoblasts

Answer 14

Immature bone cells forming bones through ossification or osteogenesis

Question 15

Osteocytes

Answer 15

Mature bone cells surrounded by matrix, but can make small amounts of matrix to maintain it

Question 16

Osteocytes are surrounded by a cavity or pit called a ______

Answer 16

Lacuna

Question 17

Canaliculi

Answer 17

Many tiny canals are that radiate from each lacuna that has osteocyte processes

Question 18

Osteoclasts

Answer 18

Destructive bone cells; cause bone resorption

Question 19

Woven bone

Answer 19

Crude type bone tissue with collagen fibers randomly oriented

First bone type to form by osteoblasts during ossification

During fetal development, growth, and fracture repair

Question 20

Lamellar bone

Answer 20

Mature type bone tissue; in sheets called lamellae

Fibers are oriented in one direction in each layer, but in different directions in different layers for strength

Question 21

Bone remodeling

Answer 21

Osteoclasts remove old bone, osteoblasts add new

Woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone

Question 22

What bone cells are involved in bone remodeling

Answer 22

Osteoclasts, osteoblasts

Question 23

Histological classification

Answer 23

(Based on tissue type)

• Trabecular (spongy/cancellous) bone
  - looks cancerous but isn’t
• Compact bone

Question 24

Structural classification

Answer 24

(Based on physical appearance)

Long bone: length > width (ex: arm)

Short bone: length = width (ex: wrist)

Flat bone: width > length (ex: cranium bone)

Irregular bone: (ex: sphenoid bone)

Question 25

____________ is a long bone (2nd digit)

Answer 25

Finger bone

Question 26

Trabecular bone

Answer 26

Trabeculae: Interconnecting rods or plates of bone Like scaffolding

Question 27

Compact bone

Answer 27

Solid, outer layer surrounding each bone; has more matrix and is denser than spongy bone

Question 28

What is the functional unit of a compact bone?

Answer 28

Osteon/Haversian system

Question 29

Central (Haversian) canal

Answer 29

Contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 30

__________ in a lacuna with canaliculi radiating from the lacuna

Answer 30

Osteocytes

Question 31

Perforating/volkmann’s canal

Answer 31

Perpendicular to long axis and contain blood vessels that run from one canal to the next

Question 32

Lamellae

Answer 32

Calcium & phosphate

Question 33

Concentric lamellae

Answer 33

Located within osteon

Question 34

Circumferential lamellae

Answer 34

Located on peripheral (outer edge)

Question 35

Interstitial lamellae

Answer 35

Located in between osteons

Question 36

Sesamoid bone

Answer 36

Small bone embedded in a tendon/ligament or muscle near a joint (ex: knee cap)

Question 37

Epiphysis

Answer 37

End of a bone

Question 38

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 38

Growth plate/region (Becomes epiphyseal line when closed off)

Question 39

Diaphysis

Answer 39

Shaft of bone

Question 40

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 40

Fatty tissues

Question 41

Endosteum

Answer 41

Lining of medullary

Question 42

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 42

Takes place in embryonic connective tissue membrane (ex: “soft spots” of newborn skull closing)

Question 43

Endochondral ossification

Answer 43

Takes place in cartilage (ex: growth of long bone)

Question 44

Growth in length occurs at the _________ plate

Answer 44

Epiphyseal/epiphysis

Question 45

Between what ages is the epiphyseal plate ossified becoming the epiphyseal line?

Answer 45

12 & 25

Question 46

Osteoblasts in bone growth in width

Answer 46

Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone under the periosteum

Question 47

Osteoclasts in bone growth and width

Answer 47

Osteoclasts resorb bone surrounding the medullary cavity

Question 48

What causes bones to be small?

Answer 48

Lack of calcium, protein, and other nutrients

Question 49

What is needed for the absorption of calcium?

Answer 49

Vitamin D

Question 50

Rickets

Answer 50

Lack of vitamin D during childhood

Question 51

Osteomalacia

Answer 51

Lack of vitamin D in adulthood

Question 52

________ is necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts

Answer 52

Vitamin C

Question 53

Scurvy

Answer 53

Vitamin C deficiency

Question 54

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 54

From anterior pituitary Stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth

Question 55

____________ (T3 & T4) are required for growth of all tissues

Answer 55

Thyroid hormones

Question 56

Gigantism

Answer 56

Excessive growth hormone secretion during growing years (childhood)

Question 57

Acromegaly

Answer 57

Excessive growth hormone-like secretion in adulthood

Question 58

Dwarfism

Answer 58

Insufficient growth hormone during growing years (childhood)

Question 59

What are the 4 stages of bone repair/healing?

Answer 59

1. Hematoma formation 2. Callus formation (fibroblasts, chondroblasts) 3. Callus ossification (osteoblasts) 4. Bone remodeling (osteoclasts)

Question 60

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, slowing bone resporption during

Answer 60

Hypercalcemia

Question 61

PTH and calcitriol stimulate formation of osteoclasts during ___________

Answer 61

Hypocalcemia

Question 62

Osteoporosis

Answer 62

Porous bones, loss of bone matrix (Prone to fracture)