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Neuro II > Anatomical Basis of Neurochemical pathway > Flashcards

Anatomical Basis of Neurochemical pathway Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the ACh releasing neuron cell body aggregates?

A

basal forebrain

pontine tegmentum

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2
Q

ACh acts via what receptor types in the brain?

A
  • Nicotinic:
    • N2R - common in the brain
  • Muscarinic:
    • M1+3,5 - excitatory
    • M2,4 - inhibit
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3
Q

What are the cholinergic nuclei?

A
  1. Basal forebrain
    1. Nucleus basalis of meynert (NBM)
    2. Medial septal nucleus & nucleus of diagonal band of Broca (MS, DBB)
  2. Pontine tegmentum
    1. Pedunculo-Pontine Tegmental Nucleus & Lateal Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus (PPT/LDT)
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4
Q

NBM sends fibers to what cortex? Is associated with what functions?

What receptors are located here?

A

neocortex: conscious perception & cognition (M1R)

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5
Q

MS, DBB sends fibers to what cortex? Is associated with what functions?

What receptors are located here?

A

hippocampus: learning (decreases in aging)

M1,3,4R

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6
Q

Degeneration of neurons in the NBM leads to what condition?

Decreased firing?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

decreased firing may result in visual hallucinations

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7
Q

PPT/LDT sends fibers to what cortex? Is associated with what functions?

What receptors are located here?

A

spinal cord & thalamus -> cortex : musle atonia & deams during REM sleep

M1,3,4R

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8
Q

Cortical activity initiated in REM sleep by what kind of waves?

A

PGO

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9
Q

Damage to PPT/LDT projections lead to what conditions?

A
  • REM sleep disorders
    • acting out dreams (loss of muscle atonia)
    • dreamles sleep or severe dream enactment behaviors
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10
Q

What is the histamine releasing nucleus?

This has what physiological significance?

A

TuberMammillary Nucleus (TMN)

calm wakefulness

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11
Q

Histamine acts via what receptors in the brain?

Which one is unique?

A
  • H1,2,3,4R
  • presynaptic H3 is auto-receptor for negative feedback mechanism
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12
Q

TMN sends fibers where? Is associated with what functions?

What receptors are located here?

A
  • highest density to hypothalamus (H1R) : metabolic regulation
  • cerebral cortex & cholinergic nuclei: H1R
  • thalamus: H1R ; H2R
  • hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, cerebellum
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13
Q

Hypoactivation of histaminergic projections can lead to what clinical situations?

A
  • increased leep
  • abnormal appetites for food
    • typically suppressess appetite -> w/ hypoactivation -> increased appetite -> obesity
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14
Q

Hyperactivation of histaminergic projections can lead to what problems? This can occur in what clinical situations?

A
  • inability to sleep
  • night terrors
  • ABNORMALLY high
    • brain tumors & psychosis
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15
Q

What are the appropriate relative histamine levels while awake, slow wave sleep & REM sleep?

A
  • awake
    • ++
  • slow wave
    • +
  • REM
    • 0
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16
Q

What substances are synthesized from tyrosine?

A

catecholamines

dopamine, NE

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17
Q

What substances are synthesized from tryptophan?

A

indolamines

serotonin, melanin

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18
Q

What are the major aggregations of domamine secreting neurons?

Physiologic actions?

A

(Midbrain)

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) : motication, reward mechanism

Substantia nigra: motor control

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19
Q

Dopaminergic fibers go where? They are associated with what functions?

A
  • VTA
    • mesocortical- cognition
    • mesolimbic- emotion, reward
  • Substantia nigra
    • mesotriatal- movement
  • Tuberinfundibular- prolactin
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20
Q

Damage to the dopaminergic projections can lead to what pathologies?

A
  • mesocortical
    • negative symptoms - schizophrenia
  • mesolimbic
    • positive symptoms - schizophrenia
  • mesostriatal
    • parkinosn’s disease
  • tuberinfundibular
    • hyperprolactinemia
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21
Q

Axons in the mesocoritcal projection go where?

Function?

Result of hypofunction?

A

VTA to prefrontal cortex

cognition & executive function

hypofunction - negative schitzophrenia symptoms

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22
Q

Axons in the mesolimbic projection go where?

Function?

Result of hyperfunction?

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A

VTA to limbic system & nucleus accumbens

motivation & reward ; pleasure & additcion

hyperactivation - positive schizophrenia symptoms

23
Q

Axons in the mesostriatum projection go where?

Function?

Result of hypofunction/degeneration?

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A

substantia nigra to striatum (caudate & putamen)

motor control / coorination of body movements

hypofunction/degeneration - Parkinson Disease

24
Q

What part of the brain secretes 80% of dopamine

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A

nigro-straital pathway

25
What are the components of the tuberinfundibular projection? Function? Damage to this area causes?
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary regulate prolactic secretion damage - hyperprolactinemia
26
How can dopamine secretion regulate prolactin secretion?
secreted dopamine stimulates lactotrope D2 receptors, which leads to inhibition of prolactin release
27
How do you treat hyperprolactinemia caused by damage to the TIDA nurons?
D2 agonist drugs bromocriptine, cabergoline
28
What is the term for concentrations of noradrenergic projections in the brain? What is their unique appearance in a unstained brain?
Locus coeruleus blue spot in unstained brain - neuromelanin with NE
29
Neurepinephrine targets what receptors in the brain?
* Excitatory * a1 * B1 * Inhibitory * a2
30
Noradrenergic projections to the cortex & thalamus utilize what receptors? Function? What is there is damage to this system?
a1 attention, focus, alertness damage (hypoarousal) - ADHD (hyperarousal) - anxiety disorders
31
Noradrenergic projections to the limbic system utilize what receptors? Function? What is there is damage to this system?
to amygdala a1R fear, anxiety hyperarousal- mania, stress, PTSD
32
Noradrenergic projections to the hypothalamus utilize what receptors? Function? What is there is damage to this system?
a2 inhibition of hypothalamus damage - (hyperarousal) sleeplessness, sleep disturbance (hypoarousal) clinical depression
33
What is the function of noradrenergic projections to the cerebellum? They utilize what receptor?
motor learning a1
34
How can we have hyperarousal of cortex & thalamus by NE? Leads to?
neocrotex NE neuron firing anxiety disorder
35
What are the appropriate relative NE levels while awake, slow wave sleep & REM sleep?
* awake * ++ * slow wave sleep * + * REM sleep * 0
36
Clnical depression is caued by hypoarousal of projections of what neurotransmitters?
NE serotonin dopamine
37
Where are the Serotonin releasing neuron cell body aggregates? Function?
Raphe nuclei - brainstem Rostral RN (to corticla areas) : mood, sleep, satiety
38
The dorsal raphe nuclei sends projections where? Function? Result of damage?
cortex, amygdala, basal ganglia: wake sleep cycle damage - mood disorders
39
The ventral raphe nuclei sends projections where? Function? Result of damage?
hypothalamus, pituitary, limbic damgage - suicidal tendency
40
Impact of normal levels serotonin (5-HT)? Hyperactivation? Hypoactivation?
* normal: overall well being * satisfaction * self-esteem * inner strength * hyperactivation * decreased libido * sleep disturbances * hypoactivation * amygdala - sadness * hypothalamus - appetite changes * anorexia * hyperphagia * pituitary - hormonal imbalance * menstrual irregularities * sleep disturbance * overall - MAJOR role depression
41
Serotonin acts on what receptors in the brains?
5HT1 - 7
42
What are the appropriate relative serotonin levels while awake, slow wave sleep & REM sleep?
* awake * ++ * slow wave sleep * + * REM sleep * 0
43
Where do orexinergic projections go to in the brain? Function?
throughout brain - EXCEPT in cerebellum maintain proper viligance
44
Major orexinergic projections go to?
* hypothalamus * TMN * VLPO * SCN * cerebral cortex * LC, RN (prevent atonia)
45
Where are the orexinergic nuclei located? Orexin utilizes what receptors in the brain? What is its function?
LH OX1R, OX2R neuropeptide that stabilizes the wake-sleep cycle
46
A lesion in the LH can cause what problem?
* **narcolepsy** (loss of orexin neurons) * **narcolepsy + cataplexy**: (additional loss of atonia neurons) * sudden loss of muscle tone while still awake * dream like hallucinations * **primary hypersomnia**
47
How does caffeine affect GABA & glutamate?
suppress GABA stimulate glutamate
48
How does alcohol affect GABA & glutamate?
stimulate GABA suppress glutamate
49
Where is the GABAerigic nuclei? Function? Result of lesion?
VLPO : "sleep switch" of brain (to sleep) VLPO fire most vigourously during sleep lesion - insomina
50
Axons from VLPO project where? function?
* primary arousal centers - **inhibit** * ​TMN * LH * PPT/LDT * RN * LC
51
What substance stimulates the release of GABA from VLPO? Via what receptors?
* adenosine * A1 / A2 receptors
52
53
Alchohol has what impact on neurosignaling pathways of the brain? NOT TESTED
* GABAenergic (enhance) * sedative effect * noradrenergic projections (release NE) * excitement, pleaseure, addiction * dopamine pathway (indirect) * increases DA only at reward pathway * inhibits GABA & endorphin sysem * glutamate (inhibits) * disorientation, slurrd speech, memory disruption

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