Neuropsychological Correlates of Cortical and Subcortical Damage

Question 1

What is the “lesion method”?

Answer 1

approach to understanding brain-behavior relationships

dysfunction in varied neuroanatomicla funtional systems leads to predictable & reliable cognitive and behavioral changes ; localized damage has systemic effects

Question 2

Damage to the anterior part of the left side of the brain lead to what deficit?

Answer 2

Speech production (Broca’s aphasia)

Question 3

Damage to the posterior part of the left side of the brain lead to what deficit?

Answer 3

disturbance in speech comprehension (Wernicke’s aphasia)

Question 4

What functions are generally lateralized to the left hemisphere?

Answer 4

speech & language functions

Question 5

What functions are generally lateralized to the right hemisphere?

Answer 5

nonverbal, visuospatial functions

Question 6

Lesions can be caused by what means?

Answer 6

• cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
• surgical ablation of non-malignant cerebral tumors
• focal viral infections of central nervous system
  
  • HSV encephalitis
• traumatic brain injury / degenerative diseases

Question 7

The is the left hemisphere - identify the indicated parts

Answer 7

Question 8

What do we see in damage to right frontal area analogous to the Brocas on the left?

Answer 8

deficits in expressive procody (nonverbal aspects of communication)

Question 9

The posterio brain regions are responsible for what functions?

Answer 9

sensation & perception

Question 10

The anterior brain regions are responsible for what functions?

Answer 10

effector systems specialized for execution of behavior

primary motor cortices

motor area for speech

executive functions

Question 11

What regions are depicted by the colors

yellow

red

green

Answer 11

• yellow - mesial region
• red - anterior temporal pole
• green - inferotemporal region

Question 12

What are the components of the mesial temporal lobe?

Answer 12

• hippocampus
• amygdala
• entorhinal cortex
• perihinal cortex
• anterior portion of parahippocampal gyrus

Question 13

What is the principal function of the hippocampus?

Answer 13

enterograde memory (new info / day-day recall)

Question 14

What type of memory is not mediated by the hippocampus?

Answer 14

perceptual motor learning

(automatic motor programming)

Question 15

Injury to the amygdala has what effect on memory?

Answer 15

memory that is emotional in nature

Question 16

What aspects of the temporal lobes play a role with retrograde memory?

Answer 16

• anterior & nonmesial sectors
• lateral & inferior

Question 17

What is a clinical observation of a patient that has damage to the non-mesial section of the left temporal region?

Answer 17

have a hard time coming up with words / naming things

Question 18

What is a clinical observation of a patient that has damage to the non-mesial section of the right temporal region?

Answer 18

identy and name other people’s facial expressions

Question 19

Damage to the occiptotemporal junction lead to what typ of disorders?

Answer 19

visual recognition

Question 20

What is prosopagnosia? It is due to damage where in the brain?

Answer 20

inabiltiy to recognize previously known faces & inability to learn new ones

occiptotemporal junction

Question 21

What regions are depicted by the colors

red

green

Answer 21

• Red - dorsal (superior) component
• Green - ventral (inferiori) component

of the occipital lobe

Question 22

What is one of the most common deficits due to damage of the dorsal component of the occipital lobe?

Answer 22

Balint syndrome

visual disoreintation

ocular apraxia

optic ataxia

Question 23

What is vidual disorientation?

Answer 23

inability to attend to more than one sector of the visual field at a time

Question 24

What is ocular apraxia?

Answer 24

deficit in visual scaning

Question 25

What is optic ataxia?

Answer 25

visual misreaching

Question 26

What is siultanagnosia?

Answer 26

have difficulty telling you a full story about what is going in is said photo (for example) can only visually focus on one part of the image at a time

Question 27

What deficity can occur as a result of damage to the inferior visual association cortex?

Answer 27

Alexia (loss of reading) and Acquired (central) achromatopsia (disorder of color perception)

Question 28

What is apperceptive visual agnosia? It is due to damage to which area of the brain?

Answer 28

recognition disorder connection with right-sided lesions involving both inferior & superior sectors of posterior visual associate cortices

Question 29

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe?

Answer 29

central sulcus (anteriorly) sylvian fissure (inferiorly) occipital cortices (posteriorly)

Question 30

What regions are depicted by the colors red green orange orange/green

Answer 30

* _red:_ posterior part of supeiror temporal gyrus * _green_: inferior parietal lobule (angular area & supramarginal gyri) * _orange_: parietal operculum (inferior aspect of post central gyrus) * _orange/green_: anteriorinferior aspect of supramarginal gyrus

Question 31

In Wernicke's aphasia, what other types of impairments are seen in addition to an oral comprehension?

Answer 31

repetition paraphasic errors (word substitution)

Question 32

What impairments are seen with damage to the right temporopariental junction?

Answer 32

comprehension for prosody (non-verbal aspect of communication)

Question 33

What conditon can happen with damage to the left inferior parietal region?

Answer 33

conduction aphasia \*interrupting the flow of information from receptive areas to expressive areas\* deficits in calculation skills (mathematical skills)

Question 34

What conditon can happen with damage to the right inferior parietal region?

Answer 34

Spatial neglect (failure to appreciate what is going on in on half of space) & anosognosia (denial of deficit / illness)

Question 35

What regions are depicted by the colors red green orange purple

Answer 35

* _red_: frontal operculum * _green_: superior mesial region * _orange_: inferior mesial region * _purple_: lateral prefrontal region

Question 36

What aphasia occurs from damage to the left frontal operculum?

Answer 36

Broca's aphasia nonfluent speech; decreasity in density of words; delay in speech productoin; disturbance in grammar; naming problems; repittion problems

Question 37

What is the result of a lesion to the right frontal operculum?

Answer 37

deficity in expressive prosody, gesturing, nonverbal conmmunication speech can be monotone & lack spontaneous gesturing

Question 38

What is the result of a lesion to the superior mesial region?

Answer 38

initiation of movement & emotional expression ## Footnote **akinetic mutism**

Question 39

What is akinetic mutism?

Answer 39

patient makes no effort to communicate by language or gesture & maintain a blank facial expression can do automatic things - but not inreaction to environment

Question 40

What is the result of a lesion to the inferior mesial region?

Answer 40

anterograde amnesia

Question 41

How is the inferior mesial region often damaged? This can damage what specific structure?

Answer 41

anterior communicating artery rupture basal forebrain

Question 42

What is one of the major functions of the basal forebrain?

Answer 42

produce ACh - plays major role in memory function

Question 43

What is the result of a lesion/damage to the ventromedial portion of the frontal lobes?

Answer 43

**acquired sociopathy** severe disruption of social conduct planning, judgment, and decision making generally _do not_ develop memory problems or major cognitive defects

Question 44

Damage to the basal ganglio & thalamus can lead to what deficits?

Answer 44

discrite higher cortical deficits ie. atypical aphasia (left); ceratin aspects of memory disorders (right)