Anatomical/Structures/Muscles of the spine and purposes for each Flashcards
1
Q
Each section of the spine is designed to handle specific ____ and ____ , and together they _____ the spinal cord while allowing for a wide range of motion and __.
A
Each section of the spine is designed to handle specific loads and movements, and together they protect the spinal cord while allowing for a wide range of motion and flexibility.
2
Q
Cervical Spine location
A
(neck region)
uppermost part of the spine
3
Q
Vertebrae of Cervical spine
A
C1-C7 vertebrae
4
Q
imagine a crunchy ____ at _____ am (7 cervical vertebrae), a tasty lunch at 12 noon (12 _____ vertebrae), and a light dinner at 5 pm (5 ___ vertebrae)
A
imagine a crunchy breakfast at 7 am (7 cervical vertebrae), a tasty lunch at 12 noon (12 thoracic vertebrae), and a light dinner at 5 pm (5 lumbar vertebrae)
5
Q
Cervical Spine Function: ____ the head, allows for a wide range of ____ (flexion, extension, rotation), and ____ the spinal cord
A
Cervical Spine Function: supports the head, allows for a wide range of movement (flexion, extension, rotation), and protects the spinal cord
6
Q
Cervical Spine Function: supports the head, allows for a wide range of movement (____, ____, ____ ), and protects the spinal cord
A
flexion, extension, rotation
7
Q
The cervical vertebrae are ___ and more ___ than those in other regions, allowing for ___
A
The cervical vertebrae are smaller and more mobile than those in other regions, allowing for flexibility
8
Q
___ is known as the atlas and supports the skull.
A
The first cervical vertebra (C1) is known as the atlas and supports the skull,
9
Q
The second cervical vertebra (C2) is called the ____ and allows ____ of the head
A
he second cervical vertebra (C2) is called the axis and allows rotation of the head
10
Q
Thoracic Spine location
A
Thoracic Spine (upper and mid-back)
11
Q
Number of Thoracic Spine vertebrae
A
t1-t12
12
Q
___ ___ Function: supports the ribs and upper body, provides stability, and limits movement to protect internal organs
A
Thoracic Spine
13
Q
Thoracic Spine Function:
A
supports the ribs and upper body, provides stability, and limits movement to protect internal organs
14
Q
Thoracic spine vertebrae compared to cervical spine vertebrae
A
These vertebrae are larger and less mobile than the cervical vertebrae
15
Q
Which section of the spine is the only section attached to the ribs?
A
The thoracic spine is the only section of the spine that is attached to the ribs, giving it less flexibility but greater stability
16
Q
The thoracic spine is the only section of the spine that is attached to the ____, giving it less ____ but greater ____.
A
The thoracic spine is the only section of the spine that is attached to the ribs, giving it less flexibility but greater stability
17
Q
Lumbar Spine location
A
Lumbar Spine (lower back)
18
Q
Lumbar Spine Vertebrae
A
L1-L5
19
Q
Lumbar Spine Function
A
supports the weight of the upper body and provides movement and flexibility for activities like bending and twisting
20
Q
____ ____: supports the weight of the upper body and provides movement and flexibility for activities like bending and twisting
A
Lumbar Spine
21
Q
Lumbar Spine Function: supports the ____ of the upper body and provides movement and flexibility for activities like ___ and ___
A
Lumbar Spine Function: supports the weight of the upper body and provides movement and flexibility for activities like bending and twisting
22
Q
Lumbar spine vertebrae compared to cervical and thoracic sections
A
The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest in the spine, they bear the most weight
23
Q
Why is the lumbar spine more prone to injury?
A
The lower back is more prone to injury due to the amount of load it carries
24
Q
Sacral Spine (sacrum) location
A
below the lumbar spine
25
Sacral spine vertebrae
S1-S5
26
Function of sacral spine
Provides support for the pelvis and serves as a base for the spinal column
27
___ ___: Provides support for the pelvis and serves as a base for the spinal column
sacral spine
28
___ ___: Distributes weight from the upper body to the lower body
Sacral spine
29
the sacral spine distributes weight from the ___ ___ to the ___ ___
Distributes weight from the upper body to the lower body
30
The sacrum is ____ in shape and forms the back portion of the ____.
The sacrum is triangular in shape and forms the back portion of the pelvis.
31
The ___ is fused into one solid structure and forms the sacroiliac joints with the hip bones
The sacrum is fused into one solid structure and forms the sacroiliac joints with the hip bones
32
The sacrum is _____ into one solid structure and forms the _____ joints with the ___ bones
The sacrum is *fused into one solid structure and forms the *sacroiliac joints with the *hip bones
33
Coccygeal Spine (coccyx or tailbone)
The coccyx is the small, final section of the spine made up of 3-5 fused vertebrae.
34
The____ is the small, final section of the spine made up of 3-5 fused vertebrae.
coccyx
35
Number of vertebrae in coccyx
3-5, fused
36
coccyx location
final section of spine
37
Coccygeal Spine function
Serves as an attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the pelvic floor.
38
the ____ _____: Serves as an attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the pelvic floor.
Coccygeal Spine
39
the Coccygeal Spine serves as an _____ site for ____, tendons, and ____ of the ____ floor.
the Coccygeal Spine serves as an attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the pelvic floor.
40
Provides structural support when a person is sitting and is the remnant of a tail in human evolution
Coccygeal Spine
41
the Coccygeal Spine provides structural support when a person is _____ and is the remnant of a ____ in human evolution
the Coccygeal Spine provides structural support when a person is sitting and is the remnant of a tail in human evolution
42
____ ___: the anterior, weight bearing portion of the vertebrae that supports the body’s load and absorbs shock
Vertebral Body: the anterior, weight bearing portion of the vertebrae that supports the body’s load and absorbs shock
43
Vertebral Body:
the anterior, weight bearing portion of the vertebrae that supports the body’s load and absorbs shock
44
Vertebral Body: the ____, weight ____ portion of the vertebrae that supports the body’s load and absorbs _____
Vertebral Body: the anterior, weight bearing portion of the vertebrae that supports the body’s load and absorbs shock
45
Vertebral Arch:
the posterior portion that encloses and protects the spinal cord
46
the posterior portion that encloses and protects the spinal cord
Vertebral Arch
47
Vertebral Arch: the _____ portion that encloses and protects the ____ ___
Vertebral Arch: the posterior portion that encloses and protects the spinal cord
48
short thick projections that connect the vertebral body to the laminae
Pedicles: short thick projections that connect the vertebral body to the laminae
49
flat plates that form the posterior wall of the vertebral cana
Laminae: flat plates that form the posterior wall of the vertebral canal
50
Pedicles:
short thick projections that connect the vertebral body to the laminae
51
Laminae:
flat plates that form the posterior wall of the vertebral canal
52
Vertebral foramen:
the central opening through which the spinal cord passes
53
___ ___: the central opening through which the spinal cord passes
Vertebral foramen:
54
Spinous process:
Spinous process: a posterior projection that serves as an an attachment point for muscles and ligaments
55
___ ___: a posterior projection on the vertebra that serves as an an attachment point for muscles and ligaments
Spinous process: a posterior projection that serves as an an attachment point for muscles and ligaments
56
___ ___: bony projections that provide attachment sites for muscles and ribs (in the thoracic region)
Transverse processes: bony projections that provide attachment sites for muscles and ribs (in the thoracic region)
57
bony projections that provide attachment sites for muscles and ribs (in the thoracic region)
Transverse processes:
58
____ ___: paired superior and inferior projections that form facet joints, allowing controlled movement between adjacent vertebrae
Articular processes: paired superior and inferior projections that form facet joints, allowing controlled movement between adjacent vertebrae
59
Articular processes
Articular processes: paired superior and inferior projections that form facet joints, allowing controlled movement between adjacent vertebrae
60
Intervertebral foramina:
opening formed between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves exit the spinal column
61
opening formed between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves exit the spinal column
Intervertebral foramina:
62
These muscles, together with other stabilizing muscles of the core, work in coordination to maintain balance, protect internal organs, and support functional movement.
Abdominal muscles
63
Abdominal muscles, together with other stabilizing muscles of the core, work in coordination to maintain ____, ____ internal organs, and support ____ movement.
Abdominal muscles, together with other stabilizing muscles of the core, work in coordination to maintain *balance, *protect internal organs, and support *functional movement.
64
most well-known abdominal muscle, this is the long, flat muscle that extends from the pubic bone to the lower ribs. It is responsible for flexing the spine, as in a crunch or sit-up. “Six-pack” muscle.
Rectus Abdominis:
65
Rectus Abdominis:
most well-known abdominal muscle, this is the long, flat muscle that extends from the pubic bone to the lower ribs. It is responsible for flexing the spine, as in a crunch or sit-up. “Six-pack” muscle.
66
Rectus Abdominis: most well-known abdominal muscle, this is the long, ____ muscle that extends from the ____ ______ to the lower ____. It is responsible for _____ the spine, as in a crunch or sit-up. “Six-pack” muscle.
Rectus Abdominis: most well-known abdominal muscle, this is the long, *flat muscle that extends from the *pubic bone* to the lower *ribs. It is responsible for *flexing the spine, as in a crunch or sit-up. “Six-pack” muscle.
67
External Obliques:
External Obliques: located on the sides of the abdomen, these muscles run diagonally and help with rotating and side-bending the torso. They assist with stabilizing the trunk.
68
located on the sides of the abdomen, these muscles run diagonally and help with rotating and side-bending the torso. They assist with stabilizing the trunk.
External Obliques
69
External Obliques: located on the sides of the ___, these muscles run diagonally and help with ___ and side-bending the ___. They assist with ___ the trunk.
External Obliques: located on the sides of the *abdomen, these muscles run diagonally and help with *rotating and side-bending the torso. They assist with *stabilizing the trunk.
70
Internal Obliques:
Internal Obliques: between the external obliques. They run diagonally in the opposite direction of the external obliques, and help with rotation, side bending, and trunk stabilization
71
___ ___:between the external obliques. They run diagonally in the opposite direction of the external obliques, and help with rotation, side bending, and trunk stabilization
Internal Obliques:
72
Internal Obliques: between the external obliques. They run _____ in the _____ direction of the external obliques, and help with ____, side bending, and trunk stabilization
Internal Obliques: between the external obliques. They run *diagonally in the opposite direction of the external obliques, and help with *rotation, side bending, and trunk stabilization
73
Transverse abdominis:
Transverse abdominis: the deepest layer of abdominal muscles, the transverse abdominis acts like a corset around the trunk. It is key in stabilize the pelvis and spine and plays a significant role in maintaining intra-abdominal pressure, especially during activities like lifting.
74
the deepest layer of abdominal muscles, the ____ ___ acts like a corset around the trunk.
Transverse abdominis
75
___ ___ is key in stabilize the pelvis and spine and plays a significant role in maintaining intra-abdominal pressure, especially during activities like lifting. (Muscle)
Transverse abdominis:
76
Erector Spinae
Erector Spinae
Large muscle group that runs along the spine, from the lower back to the neck. It is responsible for the extension of the vertebral column (bending backward), as well as lateral flexion (side bending) and rotation to some degree.
77
Large muscle group that runs along the spine, from the lower back to the neck. It is responsible for the extension of the vertebral column (bending backward), as well as lateral flexion (side bending) and rotation to some degree.
Erector Spinae
78
Erector Spinae: Large muscle group that runs along the _____, from the lower ____ to the ____.
Large muscle group that runs along the spine, from the lower back to the neck.
79
____ ___ is responsible for the extension of the vertebral column (bending backward), as well as lateral flexion (side bending) and rotation to some degree.
Erector Spinae
80
Erector Spinae is responsible for the extension of the vertebral column (___ ____), as well as lateral flexion (___ ___) and rotation to some degree.
bending backward | side bending
81
The erector spinae consists of three main columns:
Iliocostalis:
Longissimus:
Spinalis:
82
Iliocostalis:
Iliocostalis: the most lateral muscle of the erector spinae, which connects to the ribs and pelvis
83
the most lateral muscle of the erector spinea, which connects to the ribs and pelvis. Primary use is extending and flexing the spine.
Iliocostalis:
84
Longissimus:
Longissimum: part of the erector spinae muscle group, position in the middle, running from the pelvis to the upper thoracic and cervical regions
85
Muscle of the erector spinae,
positioned in the middle, running from the pelvis to the upper thoracic and cervical regions
Longissimus
86
Spinalis:
Spinalis: the most medial part of the erector spinae, attaching close to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
87
the most medial part of the erector spinae, attaching close to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
Spinalis:
88
Spine Stabilizing Muscles (5)
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Quadratus Lumborum
Iliopsoas
Psaos Minor
89
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Quadratus Lumborum
Iliopsoas
Psaos Minor
Spine stabilizing muscles
90
semispinalis:
group of muscles located along the posterior (back) side of the vertebral column.
91
group of muscles located along the posterior (back) side of the vertebral column. Not the erector spinae
semispinalis
92
Three parts of semispinalis
1. Semispinalis capitis: extends to the skull
2. Semispinalis cervicis: extends into the cervical spine
3. Semispinalis thoracis (extends into the thoracic spine)
93
Semispinalis capitis:
extends to the skull
94
Semispinalis cervicis:
extends into the cervical spine
95
Semispinalis thoracis
(extends into the thoracic spine)
96
Semispinalis ___ and ___ the spine. Helps with:
Spinal ______ (bending the spine backward)
______: assists with rotating the spine to the opposite side
_____ support: stabilizes the spine during movement and contributes to maintaining an upright posture
Semispinalis extends and rotates the spine. Helps with:
Spinal extension (bending the spine backward)
Rotations: assists with rotating the spine to the opposite side
Postural support: stabilizes the spine during movement and contributes to maintaining an upright posture
97
Location: the semispinalis muscles
Location: the semispinalis muscles are deep to the erector spinae group and run diagonally from the transverse processes of the vertebrae to the spinous processes of the vertebrae higher up the spine or the skull
98
_____ ____ are deep to the erector spinae group and run diagonally from the transverse processes of the vertebrae to the spinous processes of the vertebrae higher up the spine or the skull
Semispinalis Muscles
99
Multifidus:
deep muscle that lies along the entire length of the vertebral column but is most prominent in the lumbar region.
100
deep muscle that lies along the entire length of the vertebral column but is most prominent in the lumbar region.
Multifidus
101
Multifidus: deep muscle that lies along the entire ____ of the vertebral column but is most prominent in the ____ region.
Multifidus: deep muscle that lies along the entire length of the vertebral column but is most prominent in the lumbar region.
102
It consists of small, overlapping muscle fibers that span 2-4 vertebrae diagonally at a time. Originating at the transverse process and connecting at the spinous process
Multifidus
103
Multifidus consists of small, overlapping ____ _____ that span _-_ vertebrae at a time.
Multifidus consists of small, overlapping muscle fibers that span 2-4 vertebrae at a time.
104
The multifidus muscle originates from (3) and inserts into ___.
The multifidus muscle originates from the sacrum, iliac crest, and transverse processes of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and it inserts into the spinous process of the vertebrae above
105
The multifidus muscle originates from the _____, iliac _____, and transverse _____ of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and it inserts into the spinous process of the vertebrae _____
The multifidus muscle originates from the sacrum, iliac crest, and transverse processes of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and it inserts into the spinous process of the vertebrae above
106
The only vertebrae the multifidus muscle does not attach to is
The only vertebrae it does not attach to is C1.
107
Multifidus function:
the multifidus is crucial for stabilizing the spine, particularly during dynamic movements
108
_____ crucial for stabilizing the spine, particularly during dynamic movements
multifidus
109
the multifidus is crucial for stabilizing the spine, particularly during dynamic movements. Including (3)
Spine stabilization: it is especially important in maintaining the stability of the vertebral segments, working with other deep muscles to stabilize the spine during all movements
Extension and rotation: it helps extend the spine (bending it backward) and rotate it to the opposite side
Segmental control: the multifidus provides control and fine adjustments to the spine, ensuring the vertebrae move in a coordinated manner during various activities
110
multifidus Location:
the multifidus muscles are deep to the erector spinae and semispinalis muscles. They lie directly adjacent to the vertebrae and are most concentrated in the lower back (lumbar region), though they also extend through the thoracic and cervical regions.
111
muscles are deep to the erector spinae and semispinalis muscles. They lie directly adjacent to the vertebrae and are most concentrated in the lower back (lumbar region), though they also extend through the thoracic and cervical regions.
multifidus
112
________ is more superficial compared to multifidus and contributes to both spinal extension and rotation
Semispinalis is more superficial compared to multifidus and contributes to both spinal extension and rotation
113
_______ is deeper that the semispinalis and primarily focuses on stabilizing the vertebral segments, especially important for maintaining spinal integrity during movement. It is essential for proper lumbar and overall spinal function.
Multifidus is deeper and primarily focuses on stabilizing the vertebral segments, especially important for maintaining spinal integrity during movement. It is essential for proper lumbar and overall spinal function.
114
Multifidus is essential for proper _____ and overall ____ function.
Multifidus is essential for proper lumbar and overall spinal function.
115
Quadratus Lumborum
Quadratus Lumborum: smaller, quadrilateral-shaped muscle located in the lower back
116
smaller, quadrilateral-shaped muscle located in the lower back
Quadratus Lumborum:
117
Runs from the iliac crest (part of the pelvis) to the 12th rib and the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae
Quadratus Lumborum
118
Quadratus Lumborum: Runs from the ____ ___ (part of the pelvis) to the ____ rib and the transverse _____ of the lumbar vertebrae
Quadratus Lumborum: Runs from the iliac crest (part of the pelvis) to the 12th rib and the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae
119
Quadratus lumborum is often involved in movements like>>>>
Quadratus lumborum is often involved in movements like sidebending, hip hiking, and maintain the integrity of the lumbar spine during activities that require lateral movement
120
____ ___ maintain the integrity of the lumbar spine during activities that require lateral movement. (Muscle)
Quadratus lumborum
121
group of 2 major muscles: the iliacus and the psoas major, which work together to flex the hip and stabilize the spine.
Iliopsoas:
122
considered one of the most powerful muscles for hip flexion, especially when the knee is extended
iliopsoas
123
Illiopsoas crucial for maintaining ____ and ____.
Illiopsoas crucial for maintaining posture and balance.
124
Tightness or dysfunction in this muscle group can lead to lower back pain, hip discomfort, and compromised movement patterns
Illiopsoas
125
this muscle originates from the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) and the intervertebral discs, and it travels through the pelvis to insert on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Psoas major
126
This muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the hip, as well as assisting in lateral flexion of the spine when the leg is fixed
Psoas major
127
Iliopsoas is made of what two major muscles
Psoas major and illiacus
128
originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis, this muscle also inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur. It works in synergy with the psoas major to flex the hip joint and stabilize the pelvis during movement
Illiacus
129
Illiacus originates from the ______________________ and inserts itself on_________________.
originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis, this muscle also inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
130
Small, often absent (40-50% don’t have it)
Psoas minor
131
Originates from the side of T12 and L1 and inserts into the iliopubic eminence, part of the pelvic bone
Psoas minor
132
Assists with flexion of the lumbar spine and support the actions of the psoas major
Psoas minor
133
If present the role of the psoas minor is
Minor role in stabilizing the lower back
134
