Anatomy 1 Flashcards
(209 cards)
0
Q
6 key digestive processes
A
Ingestion Secretion Mixing/propulsion Digestion Absorption Elimination
1
Q
8 components of alimentary/digestive/ gastrointestinal tract
A
Mouth Oropharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anal canal
2
Q
What substances are secreted during the digestion process
A
Digestive juices Water Acid Emulsifiers Buffers Enzymes
3
Q
What is the mixing and propulsion of food through digestive tract known as
A
Peristalsis
4
Q
Two types digestion in digestive tract
A
Mechanical
Chemical
5
Q
During absorption in the digestive process, substances pass through the walls in alimentary canal into
A
Blood
Lymph
6
Q
3 salivary glands
A
parotid
sublingual
submandular
7
Q
what does food change into
A
bolus, chyme, faeces
8
Q
passage from mouth to epiglottis called
A
pharynx
9
Q
two parts of peritoneum
A
parietal - lines abdominal wall
visceral - suspends organs within abdomen
10
Q
visceral peritoneum also known as
A
mesenteries
11
Q
specialised double fold of fatty peritoneum hanging from the staomach
A
omentum
12
Q
endocrine/exocrine gland difference
A
endocrine > blood
exocrine > tissues
13
Q
3 parts small intestine
A
duodenum
jejenum
ilium
14
Q
1st place for carb breakdown
A
mouth
15
Q
1st place for protein breakdown
A
stomach
16
Q
endo/exocrine functions of pancreas
A
endocrine - insulin into blood
exocrine - enzymes into duodenum
17
Q
5 layers comprise structure alimentary canal
A
peritoneum longitudinal muscle layer circular muscle layer submucosa mucosa
18
Q
2 plexus in alimentary canal structure are where
A
submucosal plexus in submucosa
myenteric plexus in longitudinal muscle layer
19
Q
inner most layer of the GIT
A
Mucosa layer
20
Q
3 layers of mucosa layer of GIT
A
Mucous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
21
Q
2 kinds mucous epithelium in GIT
A
mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, anus - non-keratinised epithelium
stomach, intestines - epthithelium with MICROVILLI
and GOBLET CELLS
22
Q
function of goblet cells
A
secrete mucous
lubricates
protects agains digestive juice erosion
23
Q
what are enteroendocrine cells - located in epithelium with Microvilli and goblet cells
A
specialised endocrine cells that secrete hormones into blood
24
what are serotonin, gastrin, motilin, cholecystokinin (cck)
hormones secreted into blood by enteroendocrine cells
25
what does lamina propria support
blood vessels - providing routes for nutrients to reach tissues
26
what is MALT and GALT
Mucosa Associted Lymphoid Tissue
| Gut associated Lymphoid tissues
27
where is gut associated lymphoid tissue found
tonsils, oesophagus, small intestine, appendix, large intestine
28
what do children rely heavily upon while their immune systems develop (has malt)
tonsils & adenoids
29
serotonin is both a - and a -
hormone and neuro-transmitter
30
about 70% of the body's immune system is found in the
GIT
31
What is GALT in the Lamina Propria made up of
several types lymphoid tissue containing immune cells - e.g. lymphocytes for protection
and Peyers patches
32
where are peyers patches located
aggregations of GALT in lamina propria of ileum extending into submucosa
33
what are peters patches comprised of
GALT
WBCs, B&T Lymphocytes
dendritic cells
34
Describe muscularis mucosae
v thin layer of smooth muscle tissue
35
function of muscularis mucosae
creates small folds which increase surface area for absorption/assimilation
36
where is submucosa layer in GIT
between mucosa and circular muscle layers
37
submucosa layer is connective tissue containing -
blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and some have lymphoid tissues
38
Muscle layers of GIT known as
Muscularis
39
2 layers of muscularis
inner circular muscle
| outer longitudinal muscle
40
muscularis in GIT is mostly
SMOOTH INVOLUNTARY
41
where are voluntary muscles in GIT
mouth, pharynx, upper oesophagus & anal sphincter
42
involuntary contractions of smooth muscle in GIT aids
mixing food with digestive juices
| peristalsis
43
between muscle layers are -
NEURONS - MYENTERIC PLEXUS
44
which is the largest serous membrane of the body
peritoneum
45
the peritoneum is supplied with many vessels of which type
blood
| lymph
46
what does the peritoneum act as a barrier to
local spread of infection
47
what is ascites
accumulation of fluid in peritoneum (can be a few litres)
48
what is peritonitis
acute inflammation of peritoneum
49
how does ascites occur
insufficient protein (albumin) to maintain osmotic pressure in BVs
50
how many layers does greater momentum have
2, fold over each other to form 4
51
greater omentum contains considerable amount of what tissue
adipose
52
what is momentum full of (immune related)
lymph nodes containing macrphages and plasma cells - produce antibodies - combat/contain infections of GIT
53
brain of gut known as
Enteric nervous system
54
how does enteric nervous system function in relation to autonomic nervous system
functions independently but regulated by
55
2 plexuses of enteric nervous system
myenteric (auerbach's plexus)
| submucosal plexus
56
myenteric plexus location and function
between circular/longitudinal muscles of muscular is layer
| controls mainly GIT motility
57
submucosa plexus location/function
between muscular is and submucosal layer
| controls glandular/digestive SECRETIONS
58
3 types neurons
motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons
59
function of interneurons
connect 2 plexuses
60
function of sensory neurons
act as chemoreceptors and stretch receptors
61
blood supply to alimentary canal
via arteries from aorta
62
function of motor neurons
control motility in myenteric and secretions in submucosal
63
blood return to heart from alimentary canal via which veins
portal
| iliac
64
portal vein serves which parts of GIT
```
lower oesophagus
stomach
pancreas
small & large intestine
part of rectum & spleen
```
65
iliac veins serves which part of GIT
lower part of rectum
| anal canal
66
which are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
67
water soluble vitamins
C B
68
Which organ is the storage place for fat soluble vitamins
Liver
69
inner surface of mouth are
mucous membranes
70
what is the tongue attached to
hyoid bone
71
Surface of tongue covered with what
papillae - contain taste buds
72
what is pharynx reflex action
bolus is pushed by tongue into pharynx closing nasopharynx
73
how many teeth
32 (20 temporary)
74
3 parts of tooth
crown, neck, root
75
how is saliva produced
via reflex controlled by autonomic nervous system
76
how much saliva do we produce a day
1.5 litres - lubricates mouth/mucous membranes
77
what happens to saliva once it is swallowed
components reabsorbed
78
what happens during dehydration
saliva is stopped - thirst sensation
79
sympathetic nervous system has what effect on saliva
reduces salivation - thicker saliva, dry mouth
80
which nervous system controls continuos salivation
parasympathetic
81
which 2 main enzymes are present in saliva
salivary amylase,
| lysozyme
82
pH of saliva -
6.35 - 6.85
| mildly acidic
83
constituents of saliva
```
water - 99/5%
mineral salts
enzymes
mucous
immunoglobulins
blood clotting factors
```
84
7 functions of saliva
digestion - chemical breakdown of polysaccharides
lubricating & dissolving food
cleansing of oral cavity & teeth
defence (immunoglobulins & lysozymes)
taste
buffer for acidic foods
waste removal - urea/uric acid from the body
85
urea is a byproduct of what
breakdown of ammonia
86
ibuprofen cuts off what
mucous supply in gut. - protection against stomach ulcers
87
oesophagus passes through what on it's way to the stomach
diaphragm
88
skin fold which occludes the trachea
epiglottis
89
what acts as a seal on the stomach to prevent reflux into oesophagus
lower oesophageal sphincter
90
lower oesophageal relaxants
```
spicy food
caffeine
mint
tomatoes
alcohol
acidic food
fatty food
citrus
```
91
4 main regions of stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric
92
what is the cephalic phase of digestion
brain-linked -
| taste/smell/sound of food stimulates gastric juice production in stomach before food arrives in it
93
3 exocrine glands in stomach
parietal cells
chief cells
goblet cells
94
function of goblet cells
secrete mucous
95
function of chief cells
secrete pepsinogen & lipase enzymes into stomach for digestion of proteins & lipids
96
what is pepsinogen converted into in the stomach
the enzyme pepsin for protein digestion
97
what do parietal cells produce
intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid in the stomach
| IF & HCI
98
IF is necessary for what
B12 absorption
99
3 functions of HCI
activates enzymes for digestion
antimicrobial agent for ingested microbes
denatures proteins
100
total daily secretions of stomach (mucous and gastric juices)
2-3L per day
101
pH of stomach
1.5-2 extremely acidic
102
take what to increase stomach acid
ACV
103
6 functions of stomach
mixing chamber - mechanical digestion
holding reservoir
defence
absorption (limited) water, alcohol, lipid soluble drugs
digestion - limited chemical digestion proteins & lipids
iron - solubilised
104
2 hormones produced in stomach
Ghrelin
| Gastrin
105
role of Ghrelin
hormone.
stimulates hunger, gastric motility,
growth hormone secretion
106
role of gastrin
hormone
produced by G cells
promotes gastric juice secretion
increases gastric motility
107
what are hiccups
air cuaght in fundus
108
how long after eating does the body know its full
20 mins
109
most of what happens in the small intestine
digestion
| absorption
110
what extra muscular layer does the stomach have
an inner oblique layer
111
2 sphincters at either end of stomach
lower oesophageal sphincter
| pyloric sphincter
112
folds in the stomach are called
rugae
113
inner membrane of stomach known as
serosa
114
how long is small intestine
6 metres approx
115
folds of small intestine called
villi
116
function of villi in small intestine
maximise surface area,
| optimise digestion & absorption
117
3 regions of small intestine top > bottom
duodenum
jejunum
ilium
118
what happens in duodenum
most emulsification and digestion happens here
119
what happens in jejunum
most absorption happens here
120
what happens in ilium
Vit B12 is absorbed
121
ph of small intestine
8 - mildly basic
122
5 cells found in small intestine
```
aborptive
goblet
paneth
endocrine
duodenal (brunners) glands
```
123
function absorptive cells small intestine
digest/absorb nutrients
124
function paneth cells small intestine
secrete lysozyme - antimicrobial enzyme
125
types of endocrine cells small inyestine
s cells, ccl cells, k cells - secrete hormones
126
function of duodenal (brunner's glands) small intestine
secrete alkaline mucous to neutralise stomach acidity
127
2 types capillaries in villi
blood capillaries
| lacteals - lymph capillaries
128
functions of blood capillaries and lacteals in villi
absorb nutrients into blood & lymph
129
total secretions of small intestine
approx 1.5l daily
130
11 enzymes found in small intestines
```
pancreatic amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
dipeptidase
aminopeptidase
pancreatic liipase
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease
nucleosidases
phosphatases
```
131
two types of enzyme found in small intestine
pancreatic
| brush border
132
definition of brush border enzyme
enzymes attached to the lining of the intestine not free in the lumen
133
4 brush border enzymes in small intestine and functions
dipeptidase - digests protein
aminopeptidase - digests protein
nucleosidaeses - digests RNA/DNA
phosphateses - digests RNA/DNA
134
pancreatic enzymes in small intestine & functions
pancreatic amylase - breakdown starches
trypsin - protein digestion
chymotrypsin - protein digestion
carboxypeptidase - protein digestion
pancreatic lipase - lipid digestion
ribonuclease - digests RNA
deoxyribonuclease - digests RNA
135
7 hormones found in small intestine
```
S cells - secretin
CCk cells - cck
K cells -
Peptide YY (PYY)
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Gastrin releaseing peptide (GRP) (bombesin)
```
136
Role of S cells
secretes secretin - stimulates pancreatic juice and bile production
137
role of CCK cells
secretes hormone CCK (cholocystokonin
stimulates pancreatic juice/bile production, decreases gastric juice & motility.
stimulates pyloric sphincter closure and sateity
138
K cells role
produces hormone which stimulates insulin production by pancreas
139
role of Peptide YY PYY
reduces appetite, inhibits insulin production by pancreas
140
role of Gastric inhibitory peptide
stimulates insulin production
141
role of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
stimulates insulin secretion
| inhibits glucagon secretion
142
role of Gastrin releasing pap tide (GRP) (Bombesin)
potent stimulant of gastrin/pancreatic secretions
triggers CCK release
supresses appetite
143
length of large intesine
1.5 m
144
are enzymes produced in large intesine
no just mucous
145
4 regions of large intestine
Cecum
colon - ascending, transverse, descending
rectum
anal canal
146
where is the appendix located
attached to Cecum - twisted coiled tube
147
what does the large intestine absorb
water
minerals
vitamins
some drugs
148
why could you not use oral drugs as suppositories
they are much stronger than suppositories as are designed to survive hepatic 1st pass
149
Large intestine contains 100 trillion ?
microbes (bacteria)
150
how much bacteria in faeces
30-50%
151
what happens to remaining carbs in large intestine
fermented, producing hydrogen and amino acids
152
what happens to some toxic products of bacterial fermentation in the large intestine
some are absorbed, transported to liver
| then exreted in urine
153
what vitamins are produced in large intestine
Vit B12, Vit K
| fatty acids
154
describe defecation
mass peristaltic movements push feacal matter into rectum
| stimulates stretch receptors and defaction reflex
155
bowel movements vary depending on
```
diet
health
stress
exercise
emotions
hydration
```
156
3 accessory organs of alimentary canal
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
157
how does liver compare to other glands/organs in body
heaviest gland
| 2nd largest organ after skin
158
how much blood does the liver filter
1.4 litres per MINUTE!
159
how does the liver receive it's oxygenated blood
via hepatic artery
160
what does the portal vein bring into the liver
nutrient and toxin rich blood
161
describe hepatic first pass
ALL BLOOD from GIT is transported to liver (via portal vein) to be filtered/metabolised before going into systemic circulation
162
where does blood from portal vein and hepatic artery mix
in sinusoids
163
what are sinusoids
columns/capillaries between hepatocytes
164
which phagocytic cells are found in liver which remove foreign bodies from blood
Kupffer cells
165
where does the filtered blood from the liver go
enters the central vein then hepatic vein and into systemic circulation
166
describe gallbladder
pear shaped 7-10cm sac in liver
167
what is bile
emulsifying agent
| emulsifies fats/oils
168
function of bile ducts
collect bile produced by liver cells - hepatocytes - which pools in gallbladder
169
where does bile go and via what
enters small intestine via common bile duct
170
composition of bile - 3
bile salts from bile acids
cholesterol
Bilirubin from RBC breakdown
171
how much bile to we produce daily
500-1000ml
172
pH bile
7.6 - 8.6 - mildly basic
173
describe enterohepatic circulation (bile)
bile salts in ileum are absorbed & transported back to liver for recycling
174
How does liver cleanse blood
of particles and microbes via Kupffer cells
175
How does liver detoxify blood
metabolises/neutralises drugs, toxins, alcohol
176
what happens o erythrocytes in liver
heamolysis
177
what happens to plasma proteins in liver
clotting and coagulation factors like fibrinogen are synthesised
178
how does liver contribute to hormone homeostasis
makes
regulates
detoxifies hormones
179
what does the liver do to glucose, fats and amino acids
metabolises them
180
how does liver contribute to heat production - thermogenisi
warmest organ
181
what does liver synthesise
Vit A, Co-Q10, activation Vit D
182
What nutrients does Liver store
Vits A, D, E, K, B12
| iron, copper, glycogen
183
How does liver metabolise carbohydrate
excess glucose converted into glycogen for storage
| glycogen converted to glucose as required
184
How does liver metabolise fat
metabolises fat from storage as required
| synthesises cholesterol & triglycerides
185
how does liver metabolise protein
converts essential amino acids into non-essential amino acids
removes nitrogen groups from amino acids to form urea to be excreted
breaks down nucleotides to form uric acid for excretion
187
how does liver metabolise hormones
insulin & glycogen are deactivated/broken down by liver
188
liver cells known as
hepatocytes
189
in how many phases does the liver detox the blood
2
190
what enzyme complexes does phase 1 involve
cytochrome p450 enzyme complexes
191
what 5 reactions occur in phase 1 of liver blood detoxification
```
oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis
dehydration
dehalogenation
```
192
what happens to water insoluble toxins during phase 1 of liver blood detoxification
converted to water soluble toxins to be extorted by kidneys
193
when is coffee metabolised by the liver
during phase 1 as water soluble - if client has problem check phase 1
194
during phase 1 detoxification of liver toxins are converted into what
intermediate metabolites - more toxic than toxins!
| to be metabolised in phase 2
195
what are metabolites also known as
free radicals
196
name for 2 types of toxins
endogenous - created in body
| external -
197
phrase to help remember 2 phases of liver detoxification
phase 1 chops
| phase 2 mops
198
what can go wrong with the liver during detoxification
produces too many intermediate metabolites - need to speed up phase 1 and slow down phase 2
199
what supplements does the body require to help mop up the metabolites/free radicals
antioxidants
200
what happens during phase 2 liver detoxification
```
CONJUGATION REACTIONS
molecules attached to toxins
neutralised
made stable (non-reactive)
made water soluble to be excreted
```
201
7 reactions during liver phase 2 detoxification
```
glucoronidation
sulphation
glutathione conjugation
amino acid conjugation
acetylation
methylation
```
202
what macro-nutrient does the liver rely heavily upon to function properly
protein
203
waste from liver eliminated via -
gall bladder
| kidneys
204
how is pancreas connected to the duodenum
via 2 ducts
205
pancreas exocrine function
pancreatic juice into small intestines - 1.5l approx
206
Pancreatic juice contains
```
alkalising bicarbonate ions
protease enzymes
lipase
amylase
water
```
207
endocrine function of pancreas - 4 substances into blood
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide
208
cells of adipose tissue called
adipocytes
209
what hormone does adipose tissue produce that is related to digestion
LEPTIN
| reduces apetite and regulates fat storage
