Anatomy

Question 1

What do the vertebral foramina form and what runs through it?

Answer 1

They form the vertebral canal & the spinal cord runs through it

Question 2

Why is the intervertebral foramina important?

Answer 2

It allows the entrance & exit of the spinal nerves & connect to the spinal cord

Question 3

Why is the lateral vertebral foramen important?

Answer 3

Allows for the passage of blood vessels & nerves into the spinal canal.

Question 4

What do the transverse foramen make and what runs through it?

Answer 4

Makes the transverse canal and the vertebral artery & nerve run through it.

Question 5

What is the paralumbar fossa? What are the boundaries?

Answer 5

Triangular depression in the upper part of the bovine’s hip area.
Dorsally transverse process of L2 to L5
Cranially the last rib
Caudoventrally muscular ridge of IAO

Question 6

What is the nuchal ligament & what is its purpose where does it insert and attach?

Answer 6

Functions to support the animals weight of their head & helps save in mechanical energy

Attaches on the external occipital protuberance and the spinal process of T1

Question 7

What are the bursae of the nuchal ligament in horses & what are the parts of them?

Answer 7

Fluid filled pockets used for protection against the atlas & axis. They lie between the dorsal spinous processes and the funicular part. They each have two parts the fanicular parts & 2 laminar sheets.

Question 8

Where does the nuchal ligament run in cattle?

Answer 8

To the side if the spine resulting in no bursae

Question 9

What is fistulous withers?

Answer 9

Inflammation of the supraspinous bursa due to the bacteria brucella

Question 10

Why do ruminants not get fistulous withers or poll evil?

Answer 10

They have not bursa

Question 11

What is poll evil?

Answer 11

Inflammation of the cranial nuchal bursae & the caudal nuchal bursae

Question 12

What part of the nucleus pulposus will usually rupture and why?

Answer 12

The dorsal part because it is thinner.

Question 13

What is fibrocartilaginous embolism?

Answer 13

It is an ischemic necrosis of part of the spinal cord due to the herniation of an intervertebral disc into the spinal cord blood vessels

Question 14

What is atlanto-axial subluxation?

Answer 14

Congenital or acquired condition in which the abnormality of the dens or ligaments of the dens causes atlantoaxial joint to be unstable which results in spinal cord compression from dorsally displaced dens

Question 15

Why is jugular venipuncture in the horse optimal in the cranial neck?

Answer 15

easier to see
cutaneous colli muscle is thin & does not mask the vein

The omohyoideus muscle separates the jugular vein from carotid sheath structures

Question 16

What is the panniculus reflex?

Answer 16

afferent information from skin to the lumbar & thoracic spinal ligaments. You can use the pinch test on the skin to see what area of the spine has been damaged.

Question 17

What is the superficial thoracic “spur” vein a landmark for?

Answer 17

it is a landmark separating the cutaneus trunci m. & the ascending pectoral in the horse & it can be catheterized

Question 18

What lymph node is absent in the cat & dog?

Answer 18

Subiliac lymph node

Question 19

What does the subiliac lymph node drain

Answer 19

superficial body wall of caudal thorax & abdomen & the superficial layers & muscles of the thigh region

Question 20

What are the boundaries of the heave line?

Answer 20

External abdominal oblique
musculotendinous junction

Question 21

What supports most of the ventral visceral weight in herbivors?

Answer 21

Prepubic tendon

Question 22

What is the suture holding layer for closing ventral midline incisions?

Answer 22

Linea alba

Question 23

What is the suture holding layer for closing paramedian abdominal incisions?

Answer 23

External lamina of the rectus sheath?

Question 24

Closure of what layer is not beneficial & why in surgery?

Answer 24

The peritoneum b/c it heals rapidly over incision & does not contribute to wound strength

Question 25

List the consecutive layers from skin to peritoneum with a ventral midline incision?

Answer 25

Skin SQ tissue External rectus sheath Linea alba retroperitoneal fat Peritoneum

Question 26

List the consecutive layers from skin to peritoneum with a paramedian incision?

Answer 26

Skin SQ tissue External rectus sheath Rectus abdominous Internal rectus sheath Retroperitoneal fat Peritoneum

Question 27

What is the clinical significance of the cervical deep fascia?

Answer 27

envelopes ventral neck muscles limit the spread of abscesses infections of the neck may spread to the thorax

Question 28

What are the boundaries of the jugular groove?

Answer 28

Dorsally= cleidomastoideus Ventrally= sternomandibularis Medially= sternomastoideus or omohyoideus in horses

Question 29

What are the structures within the carotid sheath?

Answer 29

Common carotid artery Vagosympathetic nerve trunk internal jugular vein

Question 30

What tendon goes from the prepubic tendon into the head of the femur?

Answer 30

accessory ligament

Question 31

What is the slope of the pelvis?

Answer 31

the line between the coxal & ischial tubers

Question 32

What part of the femur is important in the stay apparatus?

Answer 32

Medial trochlear ridge

Question 33

What causes medial patellar luxation?

Answer 33

Poor development of the medial trochlear lip

Question 34

What 2 sesamoid bones are in the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 34

fabella

Question 35

When treating cranial drawer syndrome what sesamoid is used as an anchor for non-absorbable suture?

Answer 35

lateral sesamoid bone of the gastrocnemius muscle

Question 36

Which sesamoid bones should not be mistaken for chip fractures in radiographs?

Answer 36

Popliteal sesamoid bones

Question 37

Before complete ossification of the tuber it is pulled off of the tibia by which muscle that inserts there?

Answer 37

Quadriceps tendon

Question 38

What structures are in the perforating tarsal canal?

Answer 38

perforating tarsal artery & nerve & sensory nerves from deep fibular nerve

Question 39

What tarsal bones are fused in a horse? What tarsal bones are fused in a ruminant?

Answer 39

1st and 2nd 2nd and 3rd

Question 40

What are the actions of biceps femoris?

Answer 40

extend hip extend & flex the stifle extend the hock

Question 41

What are the actions of the semitendinosus muscle?

Answer 41

Extends the hip extends the hock flex the stifle

Question 42

What are the actions of the semimembranousus muscle?

Answer 42

Extends the hip caudal belly flexes the stifle

Question 43

What happens if there is paralysis of the femoral nerve?

Answer 43

collapse of the stifle joint

Question 44

What muscles are supplied by the obturator nerve?

Answer 44

Pectineus Adductor Gracilis External obturator Sartorius

Question 45

What is the femoral triangle?

Answer 45

a triangular space formed by the sartorius and pectineus muscles

Question 46

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Answer 46

Cranial= sartorius Caudal= pectineus Medial= femoral fascial and skin Lateral= iliopsoas and vastus medialis muscles

Question 47

What is found within the femoral triangle?

Answer 47

femoral artery & vein

Question 48

What does the fibular nerve innervate?

Answer 48

Cranial tibial Peroneus longus Long digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Peroneus tertius

Question 49

What is the action of Cranial tibial Peroneus longus Long digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Peroneus tertius

Answer 49

extend the digit and flex the tarsus

Question 50

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

Answer 50

Gastrocnemius soleus caudal tibial popliteus superficial digital flexor deep digital flexor

Question 51

What is the action of Gastrocnemius soleus caudal tibial popliteus superficial digital flexor deep digital flexor

Answer 51

Flex the digits and extend the tarsus

Question 52

What is entirely tendinous in the horse and passively flexes the hock whenever the stifle joint is flexed

Answer 52

Fibularis tertius

Question 53

What causes capped hock?

Answer 53

inflammation of the synovial bursa that is under the superficial digital flexor

Question 54

What muscle has no action on the stifle?

Answer 54

Deep digital flexor

Question 55

What results in the characteristic crab like stance in dogs?

Answer 55

partial rupture of the common calcanean tendon with the SDF remaining intact

Question 56

What causes a plantigrade stance?

Answer 56

weakening, rupture or detachment of the common calcanean tendon

Question 57

What does the femoral canal or vascular lacuna allow to run through it?

Answer 57

the opening between the abdominal cavity and the medial thigh for passage of the femoral and deep femoral arteries and veins

Question 58

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

Answer 58

Stifle extensors

Question 59

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

Answer 59

Thigh adductors

Question 60

What does the gluteal nerves (cranial and caudal) innervate?

Answer 60

hip extensors, thigh abductors

Question 61

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

Answer 61

outward rotators of the hip; hip extensors, extensors & flexors of both hock and digits

Question 62

What would happen if there is damage to the femoral nerve?

Answer 62

animal will not be able to support its weight and it will lack a patellar tendon reflex

Question 63

What would happen if there is damage to the saphenous nerve?

Answer 63

Loss of sensory sensation to the stifle joint and skin on the medial femoral and crurual and dorsomedial tarsus and digit 1 and abaxial surface of digit 2

Question 64

When might the obturator nerve be pressed and what will happen?

Answer 64

during parturition the nerve may be pressed by the fetus against the ilium resulting in an inability to adduct the hind limbs (splayed legg)

Question 65

What happens with fibular nerve damage?

Answer 65

lack of flexion to the tarsal joint and flexion to the digits "knuckling"

Question 66

What are the signs of ischiatic nerve paralysis?

Answer 66

paralysis of the caudal thigh muscles and all muscles distal to the tarsal joint. Tarsus is unstable

Question 67

What are the signs of common peroneal nerve paralysis?

Answer 67

Straightening of the tarsus and knuclking over on to the dorsal surface of the digits. Loss of skin sensation to the cranial part of the crus and dorsal part of the pes

Question 68

What are the signs of common tibial nerve paralysis?

Answer 68

Hyperflexion of the tarsus & overextension of the digits. loss of sensation to the caudal part of the crus and the plantar surface of the pes