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Moving Exam 2 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal cross?

A

midline in the ventral medulla pyramids

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2
Q

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract cross?

A

It crosses at the level of the spinal cord where they will synapse onto a lower motor neuron

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3
Q

Where are lower motor neurons?

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

Where are upper motor neurons located

A

brain
motor cortex

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5
Q

What does the extrapyramidal system function to do?

A

Control posture
control head & eye movements
Regulation of muscle tone
Alternative motor pathway

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6
Q

What does the basal nuclei function to do?

A

initiating movement
selection of motor response
eye movements motivation

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7
Q

What does the reticular formation function to do?

A

regulating alertness & consciousness

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8
Q

What does the vestibular nuclei function to do?

A

information about head position and movement/acceleration

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9
Q

What does the cerebellum function to do?

A

motor coordination

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10
Q

What does red nucleus function to do?

A

Control gait

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11
Q

Where are the basal nuclei located?

A

telencephalon and mesencephalon

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12
Q

Where are reticular formation located?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain

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13
Q

What happens if there is damage to an upper motor neuron?

A

Muscle weakness/partial paralysis
paralysis
increased muscle tone

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14
Q

What happens if there is damage to an lower motor neuron?

A

Paralysis
decreased muscle tone

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15
Q

What happens if there is damage to the pyramidal tract section?

A

Muscle weakness or partial paralysis
decreased muscle tone

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a motor unit?

A

one alpha motor neuron + all the innervated muscle fibers
Fine control
each muscle fiber is innervated by just one motor neuron

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of a motor pool?

A

All the alpha motor neurona & all other motor neurons

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18
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the telencephalon?

A

CN 1: olfactory

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19
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the diencephalon?

A

CN 2: optic

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20
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the Mesencephalon?

A

CN 3: Oculomotor
CN 4: Trochlear

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21
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the metencephalon?

A

CN 5: Trigeminal

22
Q

What cranial nerves are located in the Myelencephalon?

A

CN 6-12
Abducent
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal

23
Q

What is cranial nerve 5 and what is its function?

A

Trigeminal
Sensory to the face
Muscles of mastication

24
Q

What is cranial nerve 7 and what is its function?

A

Facial
Sensory to ear
motor to muscles of facial expression

25
Q

What is cranial nerve 9 and what is its function?

A

Glossopharyngeal
Sensory & motor to mouth and throat

26
Q

What is cranial nerve 10 and what is its function?

A

Vagus
Sensory and motor to the viscera

27
Q

What is cranial nerve 11 and what is its function?

A

Spinal accessory
motor to neck muscles

28
Q

What is cranial nerve 12 and what is its function?

A

Hypoglossal
Motor to muscles of tongue

29
Q

What are the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

Conscious sensation & voluntary movement

30
Q

What are the effector organs of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

31
Q

What are the motor pathways of the somatic nervous system?

A

one neuron, cell body in the CNS

32
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

visceral sensation
cardiac & smooth muscle contraction
gland secretion

33
Q

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A

smooth muscle
glands
cardiac muscle

34
Q

What are the motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system?

A

two neurons that synapse outside the CNS

35
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest functions

36
Q

Where are the ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A

near target organ

37
Q

What are the two pathways in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

38
Q

Where are the
cell bodies in the preganglionic neuron located?
Synapses?
neurotransmitter?
receptor?

A

cell bodies in the brain & sacral spinal cord

synapses in ganglia near target organ

neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Receptor + nicotinic

39
Q

Where are the
cell bodies in the postganglionic neuron located?
Synapses?
neurotransmitter?
receptor?

A

cell bodies in parasympathetic ganglia

Synapses on effector organ

neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

Receptor: muscarinic

40
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight, flight, fright

41
Q

Where are the ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system located?

A

sympathetic chain next to the spinal cord but outside of the vertebra

42
Q

What are the two pathways in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system
Where are the
cell bodies in the preganglionic neuron located in the?
Synapses?
neurotransmitter?
receptor

A

cell bodies in intermediolateral cell column

synapses in sympathetic ganglion

Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
Receptor: nicotinic

44
Q

Sympathetic nervous system
Where are the
cell bodies in the postganglionic neuron located in the?
Synapses?
neurotransmitter?
receptor?

A

cell bodies in sympathetic ganglion

synapses on effector organ

Neurotransmitter: norepinephrine
Receptor: alpha or beta adrenergic

45
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland in the nervous system response?

A

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in to the blood

46
Q

What are the length of the motor neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Short preganglionic
long postganglionic

47
Q

What are the length of the motor neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

long preganglionic
short postganglionic

48
Q

What is the location of the enteric nervous system?

A

located in the wall of the intestine

49
Q

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?

A

regulates peristaltic contractions

50
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effect heart rate?

A

Sympathetic: increases rate of depolarization and increases calcium influx in smooth muscle to increase contraction force

Parasympathetic: decreases rate of depolarization

51
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effect blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic: contraction of smooth muscle in vessels to the GI tract and relaxation of smooth muscle in vessels to skeletal muscle

Parasympathetic: contraction of smooth muscle in vessels to skeletal muscle and relaxation of smooth muscle in vessels to GI tract

52
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effect respiration?

A

Sympathetic: increases rate of respiration & relaxes smooth muscle in bronchioles

Parasympathetic: decreases rate of respiration & contracts bronchiolar smooth muscle

Moving Exam 2 (5 decks)

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