Neurophysiology

Question 1

Where does the lateral corticospinal cross?

Answer 1

midline in the ventral medulla pyramids

Question 2

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract cross?

Answer 2

It crosses at the level of the spinal cord where they will synapse onto a lower motor neuron

Question 3

Where are lower motor neurons?

Answer 3

Spinal cord

Question 4

Where are upper motor neurons located

Answer 4

brain
motor cortex

Question 5

What does the extrapyramidal system function to do?

Answer 5

Control posture
control head & eye movements
Regulation of muscle tone
Alternative motor pathway

Question 6

What does the basal nuclei function to do?

Answer 6

initiating movement
selection of motor response
eye movements motivation

Question 7

What does the reticular formation function to do?

Answer 7

regulating alertness & consciousness

Question 8

What does the vestibular nuclei function to do?

Answer 8

information about head position and movement/acceleration

Question 9

What does the cerebellum function to do?

Answer 9

motor coordination

Question 10

What does red nucleus function to do?

Answer 10

Control gait

Question 11

Where are the basal nuclei located?

Answer 11

telencephalon and mesencephalon

Question 12

Where are reticular formation located?

Answer 12

Medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 13

What happens if there is damage to an upper motor neuron?

Answer 13

Muscle weakness/partial paralysis
paralysis
increased muscle tone

Question 14

What happens if there is damage to an lower motor neuron?

Answer 14

Paralysis
decreased muscle tone

Question 15

What happens if there is damage to the pyramidal tract section?

Answer 15

Muscle weakness or partial paralysis
decreased muscle tone

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a motor unit?

Answer 16

one alpha motor neuron + all the innervated muscle fibers
Fine control
each muscle fiber is innervated by just one motor neuron

Question 17

What are the characteristics of a motor pool?

Answer 17

All the alpha motor neurona & all other motor neurons

Question 18

What cranial nerves are located in the telencephalon?

Answer 18

CN 1: olfactory

Question 19

What cranial nerves are located in the diencephalon?

Answer 19

CN 2: optic

Question 20

What cranial nerves are located in the Mesencephalon?

Answer 20

CN 3: Oculomotor
CN 4: Trochlear

Question 21

What cranial nerves are located in the metencephalon?

Answer 21

CN 5: Trigeminal

Question 22

What cranial nerves are located in the Myelencephalon?

Answer 22

CN 6-12
Abducent
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal

Question 23

What is cranial nerve 5 and what is its function?

Answer 23

Trigeminal
Sensory to the face
Muscles of mastication

Question 24

What is cranial nerve 7 and what is its function?

Answer 24

Facial
Sensory to ear
motor to muscles of facial expression

Question 25

What is cranial nerve 9 and what is its function?

Answer 25

Glossopharyngeal Sensory & motor to mouth and throat

Question 26

What is cranial nerve 10 and what is its function?

Answer 26

Vagus Sensory and motor to the viscera

Question 27

What is cranial nerve 11 and what is its function?

Answer 27

Spinal accessory motor to neck muscles

Question 28

What is cranial nerve 12 and what is its function?

Answer 28

Hypoglossal Motor to muscles of tongue

Question 29

What are the function of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 29

Conscious sensation & voluntary movement

Question 30

What are the effector organs of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 30

skeletal muscle

Question 31

What are the motor pathways of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 31

one neuron, cell body in the CNS

Question 32

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 32

visceral sensation cardiac & smooth muscle contraction gland secretion

Question 33

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 33

smooth muscle glands cardiac muscle

Question 34

What are the motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 34

two neurons that synapse outside the CNS

Question 35

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 35

Rest and digest functions

Question 36

Where are the ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

Answer 36

near target organ

Question 37

What are the two pathways in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 37

Preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

Question 38

Where are the cell bodies in the preganglionic neuron located? Synapses? neurotransmitter? receptor?

Answer 38

cell bodies in the brain & sacral spinal cord synapses in ganglia near target organ neurotransmitter acetylcholine Receptor + nicotinic

Question 39

Where are the cell bodies in the postganglionic neuron located? Synapses? neurotransmitter? receptor?

Answer 39

cell bodies in parasympathetic ganglia Synapses on effector organ neurotransmitter: acetylcholine Receptor: muscarinic

Question 40

What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 40

fight, flight, fright

Question 41

Where are the ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system located?

Answer 41

sympathetic chain next to the spinal cord but outside of the vertebra

Question 42

What are the two pathways in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 42

Preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

Question 43

Sympathetic nervous system Where are the cell bodies in the preganglionic neuron located in the? Synapses? neurotransmitter? receptor

Answer 43

cell bodies in intermediolateral cell column synapses in sympathetic ganglion Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine Receptor: nicotinic

Question 44

Sympathetic nervous system Where are the cell bodies in the postganglionic neuron located in the? Synapses? neurotransmitter? receptor?

Answer 44

cell bodies in sympathetic ganglion synapses on effector organ Neurotransmitter: norepinephrine Receptor: alpha or beta adrenergic

Question 45

What is the role of the adrenal gland in the nervous system response?

Answer 45

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in to the blood

Question 46

What are the length of the motor neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 46

Short preganglionic long postganglionic

Question 47

What are the length of the motor neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 47

long preganglionic short postganglionic

Question 48

What is the location of the enteric nervous system?

Answer 48

located in the wall of the intestine

Question 49

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?

Answer 49

regulates peristaltic contractions

Question 50

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effect heart rate?

Answer 50

Sympathetic: increases rate of depolarization and increases calcium influx in smooth muscle to increase contraction force Parasympathetic: decreases rate of depolarization

Question 51

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effect blood pressure?

Answer 51

Sympathetic: contraction of smooth muscle in vessels to the GI tract and relaxation of smooth muscle in vessels to skeletal muscle Parasympathetic: contraction of smooth muscle in vessels to skeletal muscle and relaxation of smooth muscle in vessels to GI tract

Question 52

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effect respiration?

Answer 52

Sympathetic: increases rate of respiration & relaxes smooth muscle in bronchioles Parasympathetic: decreases rate of respiration & contracts bronchiolar smooth muscle