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Limbs and Spine > Anatomy. > Flashcards

Anatomy. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Superiorly: Inguinal ligament.
Medially: Later part of Adductor longus.
Laterally: Medial part of Sartorius.

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2
Q

What is the function and innervation of pectineus?

A

Flexes and Adducts at hip joint.
Femoral Nerve.

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3
Q

What is the function and innervation of Iliopsoas?

A

Major flexor of the hip joint.
Femoral Nerve

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4
Q

What is the function and innervation of sartorius?

A

Flexes the hip and knee joints and rotates thigh laterally.
Femoral Nerve.

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5
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral n. Femoral a. Femoral v. and Femoral canal.

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6
Q

What are the contents of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral a. Femoral v. and Femoral canal.

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7
Q

How does the femoral artery end?

A

It ends at back of knee, as it become popliteal artery.

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8
Q

What drains into femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous Vein.

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9
Q

How would you locate femoral artery?

A

Below inguinal ligament, between pubic symphysis and ASIS.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of a hernia?

A

Constipation, vomiting and lump below inguinal ligament.

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11
Q

Where would we find the Great Saphenous vein?

A

Anterior to medial maleolus.

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12
Q

Where would we find the Small Saphenous vein?

A

Posterior to lateral maleolus.

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13
Q

What happens if valves are incompetent in lower limb?

A

Varicose Veins.

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14
Q

What are the borders of the femoral canal?

A

Anterior - Inguinal Lig.
Posterior - Pectineal Lig.
Medially - Lacunar Lig.
Laterally - Femoral Vein.

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15
Q

What are the contents of the femoral canal?

A

Lymphatics and empty space.

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16
Q

Which artery gives off the femoral circumflex arteries?

A

Profunda Femoris Artery.

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17
Q

What does the popliteal artery give off?

A

Posterior Tibial artery and Fibular artery.

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18
Q

Which arteries supply the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis and Posterior tibial artery.

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19
Q

Posterior tibial artery splits into what?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries.

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20
Q

Where is the posterior tibial artery palpated?

A

Posterior to medial malleolus.

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21
Q

The anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular veins unite to form which vein?

A

Popliteal vein.

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22
Q

When popliteal vein enters the thigh which vein does it become?

A

Femoral vein

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23
Q

The gluteal region is drained by which veins?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal veins.

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24
Q

What does the small saphenous vein empty into?

A

Popliteal vein.

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25
Q

What is the opening inside deep fascia called?

A

Saphenous Opening.

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of fascia lata?

A

Deep, strong, thick, inelastic and encloses lower limb like a stocking.

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27
Q

If there is bleeding in lower limb and increased pressure what would happen?

A

Compartment syndrome.

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28
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A

Thickening of fascia lata laterally. Tensor fascia lata is attached. It is important for stability of knee.

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29
Q

Where do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain?

A

Anything under the umbilicus except for testes.

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30
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of thigh?

A

Adductor Magnus.
Adductor Longus.
Adductor Brevis.
Gracilis.
Obturator externus.

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31
Q

What is the innervation of the medial compartment of thigh?

A

Obturater nerve.

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32
Q

What is the action of the medial compartment of thigh?

A

Adduction at the hip joint.

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33
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Rectus femoris.
Vastus Lateralis.
Vastus Intermedius.
Varuse Medialis.
Sartorius

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34
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Femoral Nerve.

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35
Q

What is the action of the anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Extensors at the knee joint.

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36
Q

What does the saphenous nerve supply?

A

Supplies skin of the medial side of leg and foot.

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37
Q

What happens if there is damage to saphenous nerve?

A

Loss of sensation to medial side of leg and foot.

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38
Q

How would we differentiate between femoral hernia and inguinal hernia?

A

Femoral Hernia - below and lateral to pubic tubercle.
Inguinal Hernia - Above and medial to pubic tubercle.

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39
Q

What are the muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus Maximus.
Gluteus Medius.
Gluteus Minimus.
Tensor Fascia lata.
Piriformis.
Obturator internus.

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40
Q

What is the action of the Gluteus Maximus?

A

Main Extensor of thigh.

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41
Q

What is the innervation of Gluteus Maximus?

A

Inferior Gluteal Nerve.

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42
Q

What is the action of Gluteus Medius, Minimus and tensor fascia lata?

A

Abducts and Medially rotates.

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43
Q

What is the innervation of Gluteus Medius, Minimus and Tensor fascia lata?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve.

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44
Q

What is the action of piriformis?

A

Abducts and laterally rotates.

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45
Q

What is the innervation of piriformis?

A

Nerve to piriformis.

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46
Q

What is the action of obturator internus?

A

Abducts and laterally rotates.

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47
Q

What is the innervation of obturator internus?

A

Nerve to obturator internus.

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48
Q

What seperates the compartments of the thigh?

A

Intermuscular septa

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49
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh?

A

Biceps Femoris.
Semitendinosus.
Semimembranosus.
Head of adductor magnus.

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50
Q

What is the action of the hamstring muscles?

A

Extension of thigh at hip joint. Flexion of leg at knee joint.

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the hamstring muscles?

A

Sciatic Nerve.

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52
Q

How is the sciatic nerve formed?

A

When L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 joint together, they form sciatic nerve.

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53
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A

Common peroneal and tibial nerve

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54
Q

What do tight hamstrings cause?

A

Low back ache.

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55
Q

How can hamstring injury happen?

A

Sudden stretch of hamstrings, could be partial or complete tear.

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56
Q

What are the symptoms of a hamstring injury?

A

Bruising, swelling, pain and tenderness.

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57
Q

How can we repair an ACL tear?

A

By grafting semitendinosus muscle tendon.

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58
Q

What is a common cause for sciatica?

A

A herniated disc.

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59
Q

What’s not in the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral Nerve.

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60
Q

If a person is sitting cross legged which muscle are they using?

A

Sartorius.

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61
Q

Where would you inject in the buttocks?

A

Upper lateral quadrant - on muscle (Gluteus Maximus)

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62
Q

In Trendelenburg Gait which muscles and nerves are affected?

A

Gluteus Medium, Minimus.
Superior Gluteal Nerve

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63
Q

A girl is siiting on the floor with her hips and knees flexed, which muscles is she using?

A

Iliacus and psoas major muscle.

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64
Q

If a ballerina does planterflexion which muscle is she using?

A

Gastrocnemius.

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65
Q

Why would a knee dislocate anteriorly?

A

ACL tear.

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66
Q

What passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A

Posterior tibial artery, vein, and nerve.

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67
Q

A girl is at the gym and is extending her hip joint, which muscle is she using?

A

Gluteus Maximus.

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68
Q

A man comes into the emergency room because he’s been stabbed in the anterior thigh, which nerve will be affected?

A

Femoral Nerve.

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69
Q

What is in the subsartorial canal?

A

Saphenous nerve.

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70
Q

If there is damage to the sub-sartorial canal, what would be affected?

A

There will be loss of sensation to the medial side of leg and foot.

71
Q

A fracture of the head of femur would lead to what?

A

Avascular Necrosis.

72
Q

What is the lateral structure of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery.

73
Q

What is the medial structure to the femoral hernia?

A

Femoral Vein

74
Q

A patient got stabbed in the sub-sartorial canal, which artery will be affected?

A

Femoral artery.

75
Q

In case of heart valves not working, which artery would be used?

A

Femoral artery.

76
Q

What is the interosseus membrane?

A

Fibrous joint. Has two apertures for the passage of vessels.

77
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve.

78
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?

A

gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus.

79
Q

What does the gastrocnemius form?

A

The two heads fuse to for the calf.

80
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion and Flexion at knee joint.

81
Q

What is the action of plantaris?

A

Proprioception, weak plantarflexor.

82
Q

What is the function of the soleus?

A

Plantarflexion.

83
Q

Which two muscles form the calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius and Soleus.

84
Q

What is the function of the achilles tendon?

A

Pull on heal upon calf muscle flexion - Plantarflextion

85
Q

What is the Ankle jerk reflex?

A

To test the integrity of achilles tendon - Roots S1-S2 of tibial nerve.

86
Q

What is subcutaneous calcaneal bursa?

A

Between skin and achilles tendon. Acting as shock absorbers.

87
Q

What is Retrocalcaneal bursa?

A

Between calcaneus and achilles tendon.

88
Q

How do we determine rupture of achilles tendon?

A

Kager’s triangle.
Cannot plantarflex and exaggerated dorsiflexion.

89
Q

What is kager’s triangle?

A

Radiographic indicator. Detects abnormalities of ankle joint.

90
Q

What are the boundaries of kager’s triangle?

A

Posteriorly - Achilles tendon.
Anteriorly - flexor tendons.
Base - calcaneus.

91
Q

What is the action of popliteus?

A

Unlocks and stabilizes knee.

92
Q

What is the action of Flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexes the big toe.

93
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexes the lateral four toes.

94
Q

What is the action of the Tibialis Anterior?

A

Inversion and dorsiflexion.

95
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery, Popliteal vein, Tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve.

96
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus medially.
Biceps femoris laterally.
Medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius inferiorly.

97
Q

What does the popliteal artery give out?

A

Genicular arteries in popliteal fossa.
Divides into anterior and posterior tibial branches in deep compartment.

98
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery pass through?

A

Interosseus membrane to enter anterior compartment of leg.

99
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery supply?

A

Lateral and posterior compartments of leg.

100
Q

What is DVT?

A

Damaged valves, resulting in blood accumulation in veins (decreased blood flow).

101
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of leg?

A

Tibialis anterior.
Extensor digitorum longus.
Extensor hallucis longus.
Fibularis longus.

102
Q

What is the innervation for the anterior compartment of leg?

A

Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve.

103
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anterior compartment of leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery.

104
Q

What is the action of the Tibialis anterior muscle?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion.

105
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?

A

Extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion.

106
Q

What is the action of the Extensor hallucis longus muscle?

A

Extension of the big toe and dorsiflexion.

107
Q

What is the action of the fibularis tertius muscle?

A

Eversion and dorsiflexion.

108
Q

What is the action of the fibularis brevis muscle?

A

Eversion of foot.

109
Q

What is the innervation of the fibularis brevis muscle?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

110
Q

What is the action of the fibularis longus muscle?

A

Eversion and plantarflexion.

111
Q

What is the innervation of the fibularis longus muscle?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve.

112
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve divide into?

A

Deep and superficial peroneal nerves.

113
Q

What gives rise to the anterior tibial artery?

A

Popliteal artery.

114
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial joint. Hinge type.

115
Q

What bones form the ankle joint?

A

Fibula, tibia, and talus.

116
Q

What is the deltoid ligament?

A

Resists over-eversion of foot.

117
Q

What is the lateral ligament?

A

Resists over-inversion.
Consists of anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular.

118
Q

What is the cause of foot drop?

A

Damage to the peroneal nerve.

119
Q

What is the cause of compartment syndrome in the leg?

A

Inside fracture of the tibia, may cause bleeding, since fascia lata does not stretch there is accumulation of blood which causes compartment syndrome.

120
Q

What is Talar beak?

A

Abnormal connection between talus and calcaneum.

121
Q

What causes talar beak?

A

Genetic mutation.
Trauma to area.
Infection.

122
Q

What is Morton’s toe?

A

When the second toe appears to be larger than the big toe.

123
Q

What are the causes of Morton’s toe?

A

Trauma.
Neurotrophic disorder.
Congenital conditions.

124
Q

Morton’s toes is mostly present where?

A

In females.

125
Q

What is club foot?

A

Shortened achilles tendon.
Congenital deformity.

126
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial joint.

127
Q

What type of joint is the intertarsal joint?

A

Synovial joint.

128
Q

What type of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Plane joint.

129
Q

What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?

A

Hinge joint.

130
Q

What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Condyloid joint.

131
Q

When would a physician order a foot x-ray?

A

Midfoot pain.
Bone tenderness at base of fifth metatarsal bone.

132
Q

What are bunions?

A

Significant protuberance of bone of medial aspect of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint.

133
Q

What are the causes for a bunion?

A

Abnormal stresses.
High heels.
Osteoporosis and hereditary

134
Q

Why is a bunion a problem?

A

Pain.
Swelling.

135
Q

What is the treatment of a bunion?

A

Padding to shoes.
Anti-inflammatory drugs.

136
Q

What is flexor retinaculum?

A

Connective tissue that extends from medial malleolus to calcaneus to form tarsal tunnel.

137
Q

What is the extensor retinacula?

A

Prevent bowing during extension of foot and toes.

138
Q

What is fibular retinacula?

A

Bind the tendons of fibularis longus and brevis muscles.

139
Q

What is a longitudinal arch of foot?

A

From posterior part of calcaneus to metatarsal heads.
Highest of medial side. Lowest on lateral side.
Forms Medial and lateral longitudinal arches.

140
Q

What is a transverse arch?

A

Coronal plane of foot.
Metatarsals, cuboid and 3 cuneiform bones.

141
Q
A
142
Q

In case of transverse arch, which ligament supports the foot?

A

Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments.

143
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A

Overuse and extreme pain on the plantar aponeurosis.
Increased body weight.

144
Q

What can plantar fasciitis cause?

A

Micro-tears and degeneration of aponeurosis.
Inflammation of plantar aponeurosis.

145
Q

How can plantar fasciitis be treated?

A

Physiotherapy.

146
Q

What is flat foot?

A

Alter the alignment of legs. - foot pain.

147
Q

What is high arch foot?

A

Bent or claw like toes - pain when standing and walking - has calluses of ball of foot.

148
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis.
Extensor hallucis brevis.

149
Q

What is the action of the intrinsic muscles of foot?

A

Abduction, adduction and flexion of toes.

150
Q

What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar branches of tibial nerve.

151
Q

What is the exception to the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of foot?

A

Deep fibular nerve innervates extensor digitorum brevis.

152
Q

What is the arterial supply of the foot?

A

Sole of foot - Medial and lateral plantar branches of posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis.
Dorsum of foot - Dorsalis pedis artery, which is a branch of the anterior tibial artery.

153
Q

What is the venous drainage of the foot?

A

Superficial veins drain into a dorsal venous arch.
Dorsal venous arch drains into great and small saphenous veins.

154
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the foot?

A
155
Q

What is a positive sign of a Trendelenburg gait?

A

Pelvis drops on unsupported side.

156
Q

What is the attachment of the pectineus muscle?

A

Superior rami of pubis - just inferior to the lesser trochanter.

157
Q

What is the attachment of the sartorius muscle?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine - Superior part of medial surface of tibia.

158
Q

What is the attachment of the rectus femoris muscle?

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine - indirectly via patellar ligament.

159
Q

What is the attachment of the vastus lateralis muscle?

A

Greater trochanter - indirectly via patellar ligament.

160
Q

What is the attachment of the vastus medialis muscle?

A

Intertrochanteric line - indirectly via patellar ligament.

161
Q

What is the attachment of the vastus intermedius muscle?

A

Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur - indirectly via patellar ligament.

162
Q

What is the attachment of the adductor longus and brevis muscles?

A

Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest - linea aspera of femur.

163
Q

What is the attachment of the adductor magnus muscle?

A

Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis - gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera.
Hamstring part: Ischial tuberosity - adductor tubercle of femur.

164
Q

What is the attachment of the gracilis muscle?

A

Body of inferior ramus of pubis - superior part of medial surface of tibia.

165
Q

What is the attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle?

A

Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line - iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity.

166
Q

What is the attachment of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

A

Medius: Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines - Greater trochanter.
Minimus: Between anterior and inferior gluteal lines - Greater trichanter.

167
Q

What is the attachment of the tensor fascia latae muscle?

A

ASIS - Iliotibial tract.

168
Q

What is the attachment of the piriformis muscle?

A

Anterior surface of sacrum - Greater trochanter.

169
Q

Where is the attachment of the obturator internus muscle?

A

Pelvic surface of obturator membrane - Greater trochanter.

170
Q

Where is the attachment of the inferior and superior gemelli?

A

Superior: ishial spine - Freater trochanter.
Inferior: Ischial tuberosity - Greater trochanter.

171
Q

Where is the attachment of the quadratus femoris muscle?

A

Ischial spine - intertrochanteric crest.

172
Q

Where is the attachment of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle?

A

Ischial tuberosity - T: medial surface of superior part of tibia, M: medial condyle of tibia.

173
Q

Where is the attachment of the biceps femoris muscle?

A

Long head: Ischial tuberosity - head of fibula.
Short head: linea aspera - head of fibula.

174
Q
A

Limbs and Spine (5 decks)

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