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Limbs and Spine > Bone. > Flashcards

Bone. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Shape and frame work.
Storehouse for calcium and phosphate.
Protection for visceral organs.
Contains bone marrow - produces RBC.

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2
Q

What is the typical structure of a long bone?

A

Two ends and a Shaft.
Has a central hollow which forms the medullary cavity.

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3
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A vascular connective layer.

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4
Q

What does the periosteum’s cellular layer contain?

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells.

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5
Q

What is an axial skeleton?

A

Includes skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

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6
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

All bones of limbs and pelvic girdle.

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7
Q

What is an example of a typical long bone?

A

Femur, humerus and tibia.

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8
Q

What is an example of miniature long bones?

A

Metacarpals and phalanges.

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9
Q

What is an example of short bones?

A

Carpal, and tarsal bones.

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10
Q

What is an example of flat bones?

A

Scapula, and bones of skull.

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11
Q

What is an example of irregular bones?

A

Hip bone, vertebra, and bones of base of skull.

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12
Q

What is an example of pneumatic bones?

A

Bones with air spaces - Sinuses in the face.

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13
Q

What is an example of sesamoid bone?

A

Patella, pisiform, and fabella.

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14
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, which then differentiate into osteoblasts that lay down on the osteoid bone matrix. The mineralization of matrix results in formation of bone.

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15
Q

What is intra-cartilaginous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells clump together to form cartilage models, and the cells of the cartilage are replaced by osteoblasts which initiate ossification.

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16
Q

What is the primary centre of ossification?

A

Diaphysis.

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17
Q

What is the secondary centres of ossification?

A

Epiphysis.

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18
Q

What is the blood supply of a typical long bone?

A

Metaphyseal and Epiphyseal arteries, nutrient foramen, and peri-osteal branches.

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19
Q

What causes gigantism?

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

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20
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

A joint with intervening fibrous tissue.

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21
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures - skull.
Syndesmoses - Middle radioulnar joint.
Gomphosis - tooth in alveolar socket.

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22
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Joints with intervening cartilaginous tissue.

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23
Q

What is primary cartilaginous joint?

A

A joint between epiphysis and diaphysis. They are immobile.

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24
Q

What is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Pubic Symphysis.
Intervertebral joints.
Manubriosternal joints.

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25
Q

What is secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Fibrocartilage does not ossify, permanent, and slightly mobile.

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26
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A joint cavity lined by a synovial membrane.

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27
Q

What is an example of a synovial joint?

A

Hip joint.
Ankle joint.
Shoulder joint.
Metacarpophalangeal joint.

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28
Q

What is synovial membrane?

A

It lines a joint capsule, and also secretes synovial fluid.

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29
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A fluid that reduces friction between two bones.

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30
Q

What is an example of plane synovial joint?

A

Intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

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31
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Knee and elbow joints.

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32
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Atlantoaxial joint.
Proximal radioulnar joint.

33
Q

What is an example of a condyloid/ellipsoid joint?

A

Wrist joint.
Knee joint.
Temporomandibular joint.

34
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint.

A

1st carpometacarpal joint of thumb.

35
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder joint.
Hip joint.

36
Q

What is a uniaxial joint?

A

Movement takes place along a single axis.

37
Q

What is an example of a uniaxial joint?

A

Hinge and pivot joints.

38
Q

What is a biaxial joint?

A

Movement takes place in two axes.

39
Q

What is an example of a biaxial joint?

A

Condylar/ellipsoid joint.

40
Q

What is a multiaxial joint?

A

Movement take place along three axes.

41
Q

What is an example of a multiaxial joint?

A

Ball and socket joints.

42
Q

What is joint effusion?

A

Collection of synovial fluid within a joint cavity.

43
Q

What is hydroxyapatite ?

A

It specifies the smallest number of ions needed for the repeating structural unit of crystal.

44
Q

What can Ca be replaced by?

A

Na, Pb, Mg, Mn, or Sr.

45
Q

What can CO3 2- substitute for?

A

PO4- or OH-.

46
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Formed from mesenchymal cells.
After mineralization they become osteocytes.

47
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

They express proteins like; RANK, calcitonin receptors.

48
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Unmineralized bone tissue. It is secreted by osteoblasts.

49
Q

What is osteocalcin?

A

Ensures that calcium and phosphate form only in bone. It requires vitamin C.

50
Q

What is osteonectin?

A

forms links between matrix.

51
Q

What is collagen type 1?

A

Tensile strength. Requires Vitamin C.

52
Q

What is Osteopontin?

A

Inhibits maturation of HSC’s into osteoclasts, and enhances bone growth.

53
Q

What is the endocrine function of osteocalcin?

A

Stimulates insulin production.
Stimulates adiponectin production.
Plays a role in male fertility testosterone levels.

54
Q

What determines bone strength?

A

Bone Mass.
Geometry and composition.
Constant bone remodelling.

55
Q

What is importance of struts in bone?

A

Provide resistance to compression.

56
Q

When does bone mass peak?

A

In the 30s when remodeling of bone is balanced.

57
Q

Which type of calcium is biologically active and regulated?

A

Free ionized calcium.

58
Q

What is free ionized calcium needed for?

A

Nerve function, muscle contraction, and acts as a second messenger in cells and for blood clotting.

59
Q

What hormones affect calcium and phosphate metabolism?

A

Parathyroid Hormone.
Calcitonin.
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol made from vitamin D).

60
Q

What are the parts of the hip bone?

A

Ilium, Ischium, and pubis.

61
Q

What are the three surfaces at the ilium?

A

Gluteal, iliac, and sacropelvic.

62
Q

What is on the gluteal surface?

A

Gluteal lines.

63
Q

What does the arcuate line do?

A

It separates the iliac fossa and the sacropelvic surface.

64
Q

What is the ischium composed of?

A

Body, ramus, and ischial tuberosity.

65
Q

What does the ramus of ischium form?

A

Ischiopubic ramus.

66
Q

What is the pubic composed of?

A

Body, 2 rami, pubic tubercle and crest, and pectineal line.

67
Q

What passes through the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator nerve, artery, and vein.

68
Q

What does the linea aspera diverge into proximally?

A

Spiral line and gluteal tuberosity.

69
Q

What does the linea aspera diverge into distally?

A

Medial and lateral supracondylar lines.

70
Q

What does the end of medial supracondylar line have?

A

Adductor tubercle.

71
Q

What does the medial and lateral condyles of tibia articulate with?

A

Articulate with femoral condyles.

72
Q

What does the patellar ligament attach to?

A

Tibial tuberosity.

73
Q

What does the lateral border of tibia do?

A

Attachment to interosseus membrane.

74
Q

What is the articulation between tibia and fibula called?

A

tibiofibular joint.

75
Q

What type of bone is a patella?

A

A sesamoid bone.

76
Q

What is the patella formed within?

A

Quadriceps tendon muscle.

77
Q

What would a fracture of neck of femur cause?

A

Avascular necrosis.

78
Q

What would a fracture of neck of fibula cause?

A

Damage to common peroneal nerve.

79
Q
A

Limbs and Spine (5 decks)

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