Physiology.

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 1

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

Question 2

What are the two systems of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 2

Motor and sensory.

Question 3

What is the submucous plexus?

Answer 3

Sensory neurons that detect changes in chemical environment.

Question 4

What is the myenteric plexus?

Answer 4

Motor/motility of GIT.

Question 5

What is noradrenaline?

Answer 5

Excitatory neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Question 6

What is acetylcholine?

Answer 6

The excitatory neurotransmitter of postganglionic sudomotor (has to do with sweat glands) neurons.

Question 7

What tissues are co-innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 7

Heart.
GIT.
Cranial vessels.

Question 8

What tissues are only sympathetic?

Answer 8

Skin and vessels.

Question 9

What are some sympathetic system features?

Answer 9

Increase heart rate.
Increase the force of contraction.
Vasoconstriction.

Question 10

What are some parasympathetic system features?

Answer 10

Decrease heart rate.
Vasodilation.
Pupillary constriction.

Question 11

What are some sympathetic system hormones?

Answer 11

Epinephrine, norepinephrine.

Question 12

What is the parasympathetic system hormone?

Answer 12

Acetylcholine.

Question 13

Epinephrine/Adrenaline acts on which type of receptors?

Answer 13

Alpha 1 - Vasoconstriction.
Beta 1 Positive Effect.
Beta 2 Vasodilation.

Question 14

Norepinephrine acts on which type of receptors?

Answer 14

Only on Alpha 1 and Beta 1.

Question 15

When is the vasoconstrictive drive increased?

Answer 15

In Heart failure, essential hypertension, metabolic syndrome and COPD.

Question 16

What is sympathectomy?

Answer 16

Removal of sympathetic ganglia at T2-T4 - results in palmar hyperhidrosis (interrupts sympathetic outflow).

Question 17

Acetylcholine is the excitatory neurotransmitter at which synapses?

Answer 17

Nicotinic and muscarinic synapses.

Question 18

What do postganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

Answer 18

Noradrenaline (adrenergic receptors).

Question 19

What do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

Answer 19

Acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors).

Question 20

What do neurons generate?

Answer 20

A negative potential called the resting membrane potential.

Question 21

Where is the action potential propagated?

Answer 21

It is propagated along the length of the axon.

Question 22

Electrical signals arise from what?

Answer 22

Ion fluxes - when a cell membrane is being selectively permeable.

Question 23

What is an All-or-none response?

Answer 23

The strength of the stimulus does not matter. If above threshold, nerve/fibre will fire.

Question 24

What do we know about fibre diameter?

Answer 24

The greater the diameter, the faster the AP spreads.

Question 25

What do we know about myelination?

Answer 25

Myelinated nerves conduct faster.

Question 26

What are some features of myelin?

Answer 26

Less leakage. Less Na. Saltatory conduction at nodes of ranvier.

Question 27

What is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 27

Autoimmune disease. Damaged myelin.

Question 28

What are the different types of synapses?

Answer 28

Chemical. Electrical.

Question 29

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?

Answer 29

Voltage-gated Ca channels open.

Question 30

What triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles to presynaptic membrane?

Answer 30

Influx of Ca.

Question 31

What is Glutamate?

Answer 31

An excitatory neurotransmitter, which cause opening of Na channels.

Question 32

What causes depolarisation of postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 32

Influx of Na.

Question 33

What is gamma-aminobutyric acid?

Answer 33

Inhibitory neurotransmitter, causes opening of Cl channels.

Question 34

What causes hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 34

Influx of Cl.

Question 35

What do excitatory postsynaptic potential lead to?

Answer 35

Decrease in membrane potential - AP is generated in postsynaptic neuron.

Question 36

What do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials lead to?

Answer 36

Pushes membrane potential further away from firing threshold.

Question 37

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 37

Alpha and Beta.

Question 38

Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of acetylcholine?

Answer 38

Choline acetyltransferase.

Question 39

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine?

Answer 39

Acetylcholinesterase.

Question 40

What if the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was inhibited?

Answer 40

There will be a buildup/increase of acetylcholine.

Question 41

What is glutamate used for?

Answer 41

Blockage of glutamate receptors have a protective role for tissues at risk in acute stroke and in brain injury.

Question 42

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer 42

GABA.

Question 43

What is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 43

Affects NMJ. Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors.

Question 44

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

Answer 44

Tiredness by end of day. Eye drooping. Muscle fatigue.

Question 45

What is the treatment for myasthenia gravis?

Answer 45

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

Question 46

Which types of muscles are striated?

Answer 46

Skeletal and Cardiac.

Question 47

Which type of muscle is unstriated?

Answer 47

Smooth.

Question 48

What do cardiac muscle act as?

Answer 48

Functional syncytium.

Question 49

What are the components of muscle?

Answer 49

Sarcolemma. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 50

What is thick filaments?

Answer 50

Myosin.

Question 51

What are the thin filaments?

Answer 51

Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.

Question 52

What is actin?

Answer 52

Contains myosin binding sites.

Question 53

What is tropomyosin?

Answer 53

Covers myosin-actin binding sites.

Question 54

What is troponin?

Answer 54

Troponin T. Troponin C. Troponin I.

Question 55

What is troponin T?

Answer 55

Attaches troponin to tropomyosin.

Question 56

What is troponin C?

Answer 56

Ca binding protein - plays a role in contraction.

Question 57

What is troponin I?

Answer 57

Inhibits interaction between myosin and actin.

Question 58

Which biomarker is most sensitive for myocardial infarction?

Answer 58

Troponin I. CK-MB.

Question 59

What is rigor mortis?

Answer 59

Muscular stiffening and rigidity caused by lack of ATP (death).

Question 60

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 60

GIT, bladder, uterus etc.

Question 61

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Answer 61

Produce motility and maintain tension.

Question 62

Name a excitatory and inhibitory substance?

Answer 62

Glutamate and GABA.

Question 63

Name two affects of increased sympathetic activity?

Answer 63

Increased Heart rate and pupillary dilation.

Question 64

Name two affects of parasympathetic activity?

Answer 64

Decreased heart rate and pupillary constriction..

Question 65

How does acetylcholine act on the GIT?

Answer 65

Increase motility.

Question 66

What is the law called, when there is stimulation, there is gonna be AP?

Answer 66

All-or-none response.

Question 67

What happens if there is no myelin?

Answer 67

Slower action potential.

Question 68

What does Alpha-1 do?

Answer 68

Vasoconstriction in blood vessels.

Question 69

What does Beta-2 do?

Answer 69

Vasodilation in blood vessels