Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

neurotransmitters

A

the chemical messages past between two neurons at a synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

action potential

A

the electrical messages that tells the presynaptic cell to release chemical messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the membrane potential of an unstimulated resting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

graded membrane potential

A

a temporary localized change in RMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Action potential

A

an electrical impulse that is spread along the surface of an axon occurs when GP is sufficiently large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the resting membrane potential of most neurons is

A

-70 mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does a cell use active forces to maintain resting membrane potential?

A

sodium-potassium exchange pump where 2K+ goes in the cell and 3Na+ goes out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what would happen if the cell body wasn’t able to maintain resting membrane potential?

A

no action potential would be generating. No intercellular communication involving nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gated channels (chemically gated)

A

open when NT bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gated channels (voltage gated)

A

open at pre-set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gated channels

A

stay closed until they get the signal to open (action potential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

during depolarization chemically gated ion channels are

A

open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens during depolarization

A

Na+ ions enter the cell causing membrane potential to become less negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the chemical stimulus that was applied to the cell in the first half was an

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the chemical stimulus that was applied to the cell in the second half of the graded potential graph was

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if a graded potential is strong enough for the membrane potential to reach threshold(-55mv) what could occur?

A

an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

look at the graph these are the steps

A

1: at the resting state theres an sodium/potassium exchange pump: 3 Na+ out/ 2K+ in NO CHANNELS OPEN

2: at the repolarization sodium voltage channels open allowing Na+ to enter cell until K+ channels are closed

3: at the repolarization, potassium channels open allowing K+ to leave. Na+ channels close

4: undershoot refractory period K+ channels close. Na+ channels closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

resting potential

A

the K+ is in the cell and the Na+ is around it making a -70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

refractory period

A

the Na+ is in the cell and the K+ is outside the cell making it -90mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what determines the action potential speed?

A
  • diameter of the axon
    -myelination of axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
norepinepherine
glutamate
dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

serotonin
GABA
dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

steps of intercellular communication pt.1

A
  1. a sensory receptor is depolarized by an arriving enviornmental stimulus
  2. an action potential is generated by the sensory neuron
  3. the action potential of the sensory neuron arrives at the sensory neurons axon terminal
  4. the depolarization of the sensory neurons axon terminal opens calcium channels
  5. an excitatory neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal of the sensory neuron
  6. the excitatory neurotransmitter binds to the post synaptic membrane of the interneuron
  7. chemically gated sodium channels open the interneurons dendrites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

steps of intercellular communication pt.2

A
  1. a graded potential change occurs on the interneuron
  2. summation occurs at the axon hillock of the interneuron
  3. voltage-gated sodium channels open at the axon hillock of the interneuron
  4. an action potential is generated and spreads down the axon of the interneuron
  5. the membrane potential pf the interneurons axon reaches +30mV
  6. potassium channels open on the interneuron
  7. the sodium-potassium exchange pump restores resting membrane potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the three muscle types

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

26
Q

which type of muscle can be voluntarily controlled

A

skeletal

27
Q

thin filaments are composed of

A

actin

28
Q

thick filaments are composed of

A

myosin

29
Q

the H-zone contains only

A

thick filaments

30
Q

the I band contains only

A

thin filaments

31
Q

the A band contains

A

both thick and thin filaments

32
Q

where is calcium stored

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle

33
Q

when it reaches the muscle calcium will bind to

A

troponin

34
Q

the binding of calcium and troponin allows

A

myosin heads to bind to actin

35
Q

during a muscle contraction does the sarcomere shorten or lengthen

A

thin(actin) filaments slide over thick(myosin) filaments, the Z line get closer together and the I band gets shorter. The H band gets narrower

36
Q

what happens during a muscle contraction?

A

A motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto the muscle, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter because it depolarizes the muscle membrane

37
Q

what does the motor signal cause

A

the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

steps of a muscle contraction

A
  1. an action potential arrives from the motor neuron at the motor plate of a skeletal muscle
  2. Acetylcholine is released from the motor neuron and bound by the motor neuron and bound by the motor end plate of the muscle
  3. the binding of Acetylcholine excites the membrane of the post synaptic cell which causes the release of Ca+2 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. calcium interacts with troponin allowing myosin heads to bind to actin filament
  5. Thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere interact by sliding. the thin filaments slide towards M-Line, shortening sarcomere
  6. The H bands and I bands narrow, the A band stays the same width
  7. z lines move closer together
39
Q

the tension produced by an individual muscle fiber varies depending on

A

resting sarcomere length
frequency of stimulation

40
Q

the overall tension produced by an entire skeletal muscle is determined by

A
  1. amount of tension generated by each fiber in muscle
  2. # of fibers
41
Q

muscle contraction order:

A

1: A sensory neuron is activated and sends a sensory signal to the CNS for processing

2: an interneuron tells a motor neuron to fire an action potential

3: Acetlycholine is released from the axon terminal of the motor neuron

4: opening of chemically gated sodium channels causes depolarization of the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

5: calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

  1. calcium binds to troponin

7: tropomyosin is displaced exposing myosin head binding sites on actin filaments

8: myosin heads bind to actin filaments

9: myosin heads pull actin filaments towards M line of sarcomere (power struggle)

10: the sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts

42
Q

know structure of sarcomere

A

look on paper

43
Q

know structure and label muscle

A

look on paper

44
Q

visceral sensory receptors(afferent)

A

monitor internal organs

45
Q

somatic sensory receptors (afferent)

A

monitor skeletal muscles, joints, and skin surface

46
Q

special sensory receptors (afferent)

A

monitor smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing

47
Q

efferent division

A

somatic, autonomic

48
Q

autonomic has

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

49
Q

somatic has

A

skeletal muscle

50
Q

afferent

A

sensroy stimuli come into the cNS

51
Q

efferent

A

motor commands

52
Q

interneurons

A

located between sensory and motor neurons.
their job is to distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity.

53
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and perikaryon

  • Perikaryon contains organelles to make ATP and neurotransmitters
54
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information from other neurons

55
Q

axons

A

may be myelinated (covered with a protective coating) or unmyelinated (exposed to interstitial fluid)

56
Q

telodendria

A

branch off of axon to form axon terminals

axon terminals meet with another cell to form a synapse

57
Q

presynaptic cell (synapses)

A

sends messages

58
Q

postsynaptic cell (synapses)

A

receive message

59
Q

presynaptic cells release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft by

A

exocytosis of vesicles

60
Q

Postsynaptic cell contains receptors on membrane to bind neurotransmitters from

A

synaptic cleft

61
Q

how to maintain homeostasis in cells

A

restricting what can go in and out of cell by selectively permeable cell

62
Q

cells have an ion pump

A

move around ions as needed to maintain membrane potentials

anatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions