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anatomy > anatomy exam 3 > Flashcards

anatomy exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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2
Q

stratum corneum

A

Dead, keratinized cells

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3
Q

stratum lucidum

A

Only found in thick skin. Highly keratinized.

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4
Q

stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocytes produce keratin and plasma membranes thicken; cells die

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5
Q

stratum basale

A

Attaches to basement membrane Contains basal cells (stem cells)

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6
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant epidermal cells; produce keratin

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7
Q

stratum basale

A

New cells are produced in
Stratum Basale
They are pushed upwards.
As they move upwards they are keratinized and die.

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8
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

A

is a peptide growth factor
produced by the salivary glands and the duodenum.
EGF is responsible for controlling:
1. The division of cells in the stratum basale.
2. The production of keratin in differentiating
keratinocytes.
3. Stimulating epidermal development & repair after
injury
4. Stimulating secretion by epithelial glands.

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9
Q

hair

A

is nonliving tissue produced in organs called hair follicles.
It is composed of keratinized dead cells that have been pushed
to the epithelial surface.
Hair serves a number of important purposes in human
physiology:
1. Protects skin from UV radiation (hair on scalp).
2. Cushions impacts (hair on scalp).
3. Insulation.
4. Protection from foreign particles (nasal passages, ear canals,
eyelashes).
5. Sensory reception.

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10
Q

carotene (pigment)

A

orange-yellow
pigment that accumulates in epidermal cells

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11
Q

melanin

A

pigment produced by
melanocytes. Different levels of
melanin synthesis give different
skin colors

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12
Q

circulation

A

Red color of skin (e.g., blushing)
is caused by hemoglobin in your
blood

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13
Q

Repairing Following Injury

A

Page
21
of 25
Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System
The Integumentary System
The EPIDERMIS is epithelial tissue. The dermis/hypodermis are connective tissues
The Integumentary System
The integumentary system has numerous functions.
The Integumentary System
Dermal Papillae increase the surface area between epidermis
(stratum basale) and the dermis.
This helps to form tighter fit between the layers to ensure
connection.
The Integumentary System
Dermal Papillae increase the surface area between epidermis
(stratum basale) and the dermis.
This helps to form tighter fit between the layers to ensure
connection.
The Integumentary System
Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Attaches to basement membrane
Contains basal cells (stem cells)
Keratinocytes – most abundant epidermal cells; produce keratin
Keratinocytes produce keratin
and plasma membranes
thicken; cells die.
Only found in thick skin. Highly
keratinized.
Dead, keratinized cells.
The Integumentary System
Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Keratinocytes – most abundant epidermal cells; produce keratin
New cells are produced in
Stratum Basale
They are pushed upwards.
As they move upwards they are
keratinized and die.
The Integumentary System
Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
New cells produced
Cells become keratinized
and die.
How does the skin
know when to divide
and keratinize???
The Integumentary System
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a peptide growth factor
produced by the salivary glands and the duodenum.
EGF is responsible for controlling:
1. The division of cells in the stratum basale.
2. The production of keratin in differentiating
keratinocytes.
3. Stimulating epidermal development & repair after
injury
4. Stimulating secretion by epithelial glands.
The Integumentary System
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
(Sun & Green, 1977 Nature)The Integumentary System
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
(Sun & Green, 1977 Nature)
The Integumentary System
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/11/02/growing.skin/index.html?iref=24hours
The Integumentary System
Hair
Hair is nonliving tissue produced in organs called hair follicles.
It is composed of keratinized dead cells that have been pushed
to the epithelial surface.
Hair serves a number of important purposes in human
physiology:
1. Protects skin from UV radiation (hair on scalp).
2. Cushions impacts (hair on scalp).
3. Insulation.
4. Protection from foreign particles (nasal passages, ear canals,
eyelashes).
5. Sensory reception.
The Integumentary System
Hair
Hair cells are produced in
the hair follicle.
They are pushed upwards
with each round of cell
division (just like skin
cells) and are keratinized.
Along the way, hair cells
die and become more
rigid from increased
keratin.
Hair Growth
Cell division
The Integumentary System
HairThe Integumentary System
Hair
The Integumentary System
Hair
Curly Hair Straight Hair
Cross-sectional shape of the hair shaft & hair follicle determine curly or straight.
Critical Thinking Question
How does a hair straightener straighten curly hair?
The Integumentary System
Hair
Dark Hair Light Hair
Hair colors come from differences in structure & variations
in pigment produced by melanocytes.
Dark hair has more pigment than light hair.
Different forms of melanin (pigment) give dark brown,
yellow-brown, or red color to hair.
The Integumentary System
Nails
Nails protect the tips
of fingers and toes.
Nail body consists of
dead, tightly
compressed cells
packed with keratin.
The Integumentary System
Factors Influencing Skin Color
Pigmentation
Carotene – orange-yellow
pigment that accumulates in
epidermal cells.
Melanin – pigment produced by
melanocytes. Different levels of
melanin synthesis give different
skin colors.
Circulation
Red color of skin (e.g., blushing)
is caused by hemoglobin in your
blood.
When skin becomes “flushed”
you see more red because
blood vessels dilate.
When skin becomes “pale” you
see less red because blood
vessels constrict.
Human skin color is the result of epidermal pigmentation & dermal circulation.
Critical Thinking Questions
Scenario: After spending a week on vacation at the
beach, you notice that your skin coloration has darkened.
You now consider yourself “tan.”
What is happening physiologically to cause this color
change?
What purpose does skin tanning serve?
The Integumentary System
Repairing Following Injury
Skin has an amazing capacity to regenerate itself quickly
because stem cells exist in the epithelial and connective tissues
of the integument.
When cells are damaged, new cells are made at a rapid rate as
replacements.
When injury occurs, the skin repairs itself in four phases:
1. Inflammatory Phase
2. Migratory Phase
3. Proliferation Phase
4. Scarring PhaseThe Integumentary System
Repairing Following Injury

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14
Q

inflammatory stage

A

bleeding occurs at the site of injury and mast cells in the region and trigger an inflammatory response

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15
Q

migratory phase

A

after several hours a scab has formed and cells of the stratum basale are migrating along the edges of the wound. Phagocyotic cells are removing debris, and more of the cells are arriving with the enhanced circulation in the area. Clotting around the edges of the affected are partially isolates the region

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16
Q

proliferation phase

A

about a week after the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the collagen fiber meshwork produced by fibroblast proliferation and activity. Phagocyotic activity around the sit has almost ended and the fibrin clot is dissolving

17
Q

scarring phase

A

after several weeeks the scab has been shed and the epidermis is complete. A shallow depression marks the injury site, but fibroblasts in the dermis continue to create scar tissue that will gradually elevate the overlying epidermis

18
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

19
Q

the tissue levels of organization

A

epithelial,connective,muscle and neural tissue

20
Q

epithelial

A

line exposed surfaces

21
Q

connective tissue

A

provide structural support energy storage, etc..

22
Q

muscle tissue

A

allow movment

23
Q

neural tissue

A

asllow communication through the body

24
Q

epithelial tissue

A

1.Provide physical protection.
2. Control permeability.
3. Provide sensation.
4. Produce specialized secretions.

25
Q
A

anatomy (11 decks)

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