anatomy

Question 1

medulla oblongata (measures)

Answer 1

continual with the spinal cord.
- pathways between the brain and spinal cord and controls respiratory rate and Heart rate

Question 2

pons

Answer 2

bulb shaped
-Relay station for sensory and motor commands
- Dealing with the subconscious control of organs

Question 3

midbrain (muscles)

Answer 3

centrally located in brain
- Subconscious control of muscles
- controls alertness/awake response

Question 4

cerebellum

Answer 4

surface is highly convulated cortex
- maintains balance and equillibrium
- refines learned movement patterns

Question 5

epithalamus (pineal gland)

Answer 5

-secretes melatonin
-regulates circadian rhythms (day-night cycle)

Question 6

Thalamus

Answer 6

relays information between the cerebrum and cerebral cortex

Question 7

Hypothalamus

Answer 7

-controls hormone release
-temp regulation
-hunger and thirst control
- sexual behavior
- emotional responses

Question 8

limbic system

Answer 8

establishes emotional states
-facilitates memory storage and retrieval

Question 9

cerebrum-Parietal lobe

Answer 9

divided into superior and inferior lobe
-conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste and temperature

Question 10

cerebrum-frontal lobe

Answer 10

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Question 11

cerebrum-occipital lobe

Answer 11

-conscious perception of visual stimuli

Question 12

cerebrum-temporal lobe

Answer 12

-conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

Question 13

hindbrain

Answer 13

-sleep regulation, motor coordination organization, and reflexes

Question 14

midbrain

Answer 14

-vital for the generation of reflexive somatic matter responses
-subconcious control of muscles, the maintenance of conciousness/alertness

Question 15

forebrain

Answer 15

-planning and execution of movements sensory of processing, regulation, sleep/woke states, behavioral responses to emotion (stress+fear)

Question 16

what are advantages of having a large brain?

Answer 16

the ability to develop language, tool use, technological advantages, learning, etc….

Question 17

what are disadvantages of having a large brain

Answer 17

atp demand, calorie demand, reproduction and development mobility/stability

Question 18

will skin on fingers have more or less touch receptors than the skin on your forearm?

Answer 18

more will be densly packed in finger so fingers will have a finer sense of touch due to having smaller receptor fields

Question 19

will skin on your forearm have more or less touch receptors than the skin on your scalp?

Answer 19

less touch receptors are more spread out on the forearm and have bigger receptor fields

Question 20

what is sensory adaptation?

Answer 20

a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

Question 21

examples of sensory adaptation

Answer 21

Scent: Smokers are not bothered by the smell of tobacco smoke the way nonsmokers are, because smokers are accustomed to the odor2.
Sight: When you go into a dark room or outside at night, your eyes eventually adjust to the darkness because your pupils enlarge to let in more light2.
Taste: When you eat something sweet, your taste buds become less sensitive to the sweetness over time1.
Hearing: When you listen to loud music, your ears become less responsive to the sound level over time1.
Touch: When you wear a ring, you stop feeling it on your finger after a while

Question 22

sympathetic division of the ANS (fight or flight)

Answer 22

fight or flight
- prepares surbodies to deal with stressful, dangerous situations and increases ability to fight off or run from dangerous stimulus

Question 23

what activates sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 23

-activated during times of stress, emergency or dangers
-cns perception when a dangerous stimulus is arriving

Question 24

what happens when sympathetic nervous system is activated?

Answer 24

-heart rate and muscle contractilility increases
- blood is diverted away from the reproduction, urinary and digestive
-theres an increase in heart rate
-theres an increase in respiratory rate
-theres an increase in atp use and production

Question 25

hormones used in sympathetic nervous system

Answer 25

epinepherine norepinephrine cortisol(adrenaline)

Question 26

Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

Answer 26

-Helps to control bodys response - to restore homeostasis/homeostatic levels during times of rest

Question 27

what activates parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 27

no dangerous stimuli perceived by the CNS

Question 28

what are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

decrease in heart and respiration rate decrease in atp use, rebuild reserves normal function of body systems

Question 29

hormones used in parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

-absence of sympathetic hormones

Question 30

receptor type: Alpha

Answer 30

-Apart of sympathetic located in smooth muscle, blood vessels, visceral organs - they divert blood from nonessential organs and decrease g1 function and cns stimulation

Question 31

receptor type: Beta 1

Answer 31

-apart of sympathetic nervous system - located in heart and kidneys increase in heart rate and contraction strength -increase in blood pressure

Question 32

receptor type: Beta 2

Answer 32

-apart of sympathetic nervous system -located in smooth muscle, blood vessels, visceral organs -dilation of blood vessels and living pathways g1 function

Question 33

receptor type: Nicotinic

Answer 33

apart of parasympathetic nervous system, - located in smooth muscle and visceral organs - decrease in heart rate and constriction of lung pathways -increase in G1 functions

Question 34

receptor type: Muscarinic

Answer 34

apart of parasympathetic nervous system, - located in smooth muscle and visceral organs -decrease in heart rate and constriction of lung pathways and increase in G1 functions

Question 35

how does a beta blocker medication change the physiology of a human body?

Answer 35

blocks activity that are associated with sympathetic functions

Question 36

spinal reflexes arc

Answer 36

1: arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor 2: activation of a sensory neuron firing an action potential that reaches spinal cord via input sat the dorsal root 3: information is processed in CNS ( by interneurons) signal is also relayed to the brain 4: activation of a motor neuron by releasing an excitatory neurotransmitter 5: responds to release of excitatory NT by the motor receptor

Question 37

why does it take longer to feel pain than it does to move your hand from a dangerous stimuli

Answer 37

it because the response is a reflex that does not involve the brain. A reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (automatic) response to a stimulus (change in the environment).

Question 38

why do you think painful stimuli are such useful sensations for learning

Answer 38

because once pain is associated with touching the hot stove then they will no longer do it again