anatomy Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
phrenic nerves
A
descend the lateral border of pericardium
2
Q
pericardiocentesis
A
fluid drainage from pericardial cavity
3
Q
transverse pericardial sinus
A
space within pericardial cavity - posterior to aorta + pulmonary trunk
4
Q
aortic branches
A
brachiocephalic trunk - RC carotid + R subclavian
LC carotid
L subclavian
5
Q
RCA location
A
coronary groove
6
Q
LAD location
A
anterior interventricular groove
7
Q
RCA branches
A
R marginal (an)
posterior interventricular
8
Q
LCA branches
A
circumflex
L marginal
LAD (+ lateral branch)
9
Q
coronary sinus
A
drain CAs to RA, atrioventricular groove
10
Q
valves
A
tricuspid (R) + mitral (L)
pulmonary (R) + aortic (L)
11
Q
auricles
A
extra filling space in atria
12
Q
heart auscultation points
A
aortic - RSB, 2nd ICS
pulmonary - LSB, 2nd ICS
tricuspid - RSB, 4th ICS
mitral - midclavicular, 5th ICS
13
Q
sympathetic nerve cardio pathway
A
CNS -> exit SC at T1 / L1-3 -> sympathetic chain ganglion -> cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
14
Q
cardiac plexus
A
formed by vagus + cardiac splanchnic
(+ visceral afferent)
15
Q
parasympathetic nerve cardiac pathway
A
vagus nerve (CN X)
16
Q
postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)
A
somatic sensations arrive here
17
Q
precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)
A
SkM signals originate from here
18
Q
azygous vein
A
drains ICS (from IC veins)
19
Q
ligamentum arteriosum
A
remnants of ductus arteriosus
20
Q
visceral afferent pathway
A
to brain (thalamus + hypothalamus) on cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
21
Q
radiating pain
A
pain felt at both og site + new site
22
Q
referred pain
A
pain felt only at a remote site
23
Q
triple vessel disease
A
RCA + LAD + circumflex
24
Q
vein used in CABG
A
great saphenous (thigh)
25
thymus
anterior mediastinum, produced T lymphocytes in adolescence
26
thoracic duct
main lymph drainage, drains at L venous angle
(R duct drains at R angle)
27
bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
main bronchus at lung root
28
tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes
around bifurcation of trachea
29
recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus
causes hoarseness in lung cancers
30
drains into SVC
L subclavian + L internal jugular -> L BCV
R brachiocephalic vein
31
central veins
veins close enough to heart so that pressure = RA
32
R+L recurrent laryngeal hooks
R - hooks under R subclavian (NOT in chest)
L - hooks under aortic arch (YES in chest)
33
phrenic nerves formed by
anterior rami of C3/4/5
34
phrenic nerves somatic sensory
mediastinal parietal
fibrous pericardium
diaphragm parietal pleura + peritoneum
35
phrenic referred pain
supraclavicular nerves C3/4 refer pain to shoulder tip
36
vagus nerve makeup
somatic sensory + motor
after recurrent laryngeal only parasympathetic left
37
at C6 level (resp)
larynx -> trachea
pharynx -> oesophagus
38
bronchopulmonary segments
10 in each lung
39
epiglottis
flap of tissue beneath tongue, closes trachea while eating
40
nasal septum
boney - ethmoid + vomer
cartilaginous
41
larynx anterior
epiglottis
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
42
larynx superior
laryngeal inlet
vocal chords
rima glottidis
arytenoid cartilage (pos)
43
conchae of nasal cavity
superior, middle, inferior
lateral wall
increase surface area + turbulent flow
good vascularisation = warmth
resp mucosa = moisture
sticky mucous = "cleaned"
44
pharynx sections
nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity
oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx
45
costal margin
lower edge of all ribs
46
IC muscle layers
(RIGHT)
1. external \
2. internal /
3. innermost |
47
ICS N+B supply
anterior ramus of spinal nerve (IC nerve)
posterior - thoracic aorta + azygous vein
anterior - internal thoracic artery + vein
48
diaphragm attaches to
1. sternum
2. lower 6 ribs + costal
3. L1-3 vertebral bodies
49
tits
nipple, areola, axillary tail
subclavian & internal thoracic artery + vein
drains to axillary + parasternal lymph nodes
50
chest muscles
pectoralis major + minor
- cephalic vein in delto-pectoral groove -
deltoid (shoulder)
latissimus dorsi (back)
serratus anterior (scapula to ribs (long thoracic nerve))
51
costodiaphragmatic recess
most inferior of pleural cavity (while upright)
diaphragm PP - costal PP
most inferior = costophrenic angle
52
lung hilum
1 main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
53
lung auscultation
horizontal fissure = rib 4
oblique fissures = rib 6 (extends up to T3 pos)
bases = T11
54
cough anatomy
1. sensory input
2. deep inspiration (+access muscles)
3. rima glottidis closes (vagus)
4. anterolateral ab wall muscles contract (IC) -> pressure rises
5. rima glottidis opens (vagus again)
5. soft palate tenses (CN V) + elevates (vagus) = cough!
55
carotid sheaths
1. vagus nerve
2. internal carotid artery
3. common carotid artery
4. internal jugular vein
56
URT sensory stim
oropharyngeal - CN V
laryngopharyngeal - CN IX
laryngeal - CN X
57
LRI sensory stim
visceral afferent -> pulmonary plexus -> to medulla on vagus
58
vagus through diaphragm
on oesophagus
59
jaw muscles
(RIGHT)
closing -
masseter /
temporalis \
medial pterygoid |
opening -
lateral pterygoid -
ALL CN V3 (mandibular)
60
CN V3 course
pons -> foramen ovale -> jaw muscles + sensory
61
teeth
32 total
1+2 - incisor
3 - canine
4+5 - premolars
6+7+8 - molars
(8 = wisdom tooth)
62
salivary glands
parotid (front of top teeth)
submandibular (under tongue)
sublingual (base of mouth)
63
oral cavity sense
superior half - CN V2
inferior half - CN V3
64
gag reflex nerves
sensory - CN IX
motor - CN IX + CN X
65
CN V2 course
pons -> foramen rotundum -> sensory area (mid-face)
66
CN IX course
medulla -> jugular foramen -> posterior oropharynx (sensory) + parotid glands (secretomotor) + posterior 1/3 tongue (sense + taste)
67
tongue sense
anterior 2/3 - oral cavity
general - CN V3
special - CN VII
posterior 1/3 - NOT oral
general + special - CN IX
68
CN VII course
pontomedullary junction -> internal acoustic meatus -> stylomastoid foramen -> anterior 2/3 tongue (taste) + facial expression muscles + mouth floor glands
69
tongue muscles
palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus
CN XII (NOT palato)
70
CN XII course
medulla -> hypoglossal canal -> tongue muscles
71
pharynx nerves
external layer - CN X
inner layer - CN X + CN IX
72
oesophageal spinchters
anatomical at C6 - cricopharyngeus
physiological at diaphragm - Z-line mucosa change
73
stomach
fundus - superior
cardia - entrance
rugae - folds
pyloric antrum - area before sphincter
pyloric sphincter
greater + lesser curvature
incisura angularis - right angle
74
abdomen regions
R/L hypochondrium
epigastric
R/L lumbar
umbilical
R/L inguinal
pubic
75
abdomen linea
medial - linea alba
crescent - linea semilunaris
76
abdomen muscles
(RIGHT)
external oblique \
internal oblique /
transversus abdominis -
rectus abdominis |
(in rectus sheath)
77
inguinal ligament
thickening of EOM
anterior superior iliac spine -> pubic tubercle
78
inguinal canal
deep ring - midpoint of ligament
superficial ring - superolateral to pubic tubercle
79
inguinal canal walls
anterior - EOM apon + IOM
posterior - transversalis fascia + conjoint tendon
roof - transversalis fascia + IOM and TA apon arches + EOM apon
floor - inguinal ligament
80
intraperitoneal
almost completely covered, minimally mobile
EX liver
81
retroperitoneal
only on anterior surface
EX pancreas + kidneys
82
w/ a mesentery
covered in visceral + wraps around to form double layer, VERY mobile
EX intestines
83
omenta + sacs
greater omentum
- greater sac -
lesser omentum
- lesser sac -
communicate through omental foramen
84
peritoneum pouches
males -
rectovesical
females -
vesico-uterine
recto-uterine (douglas)
85
abdominal organ devisions
foregut - oesophagus -> mid-duodenum
live, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 pancreas
midgut - mid-duodenum -> 2/3 transverse colon
1/2 pancreas
hindgut - 1/3 transverse colon -> 1/2 anal canal
86
foregut arteries
coeliac trunk -
1. left gastric
2. splenic
- L gastro-omental
3. hepatic
- gastro-duodenal
^ R gastro-omental
- R gastric
- R + L hepatic
87
spleen protected by
ribs 9-11
88
midgut artery
superior mesenteric
89
hindgut artery
inferior mesenteric
90
superior + inferior mesenteric anas
marginal artery of drummond
91
abdomen venous sys
portal + systemic
anas at umbilicus + distal oesophagus + anal canal
92
portal drainage
hepatic portal
- splenic
^ inferior mesenteric
- superior mesenteric
93
bilirubin
breakdown product of RBC
produced in spleen
used to make bile - liver
94
liver
anatomical segments -
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
(8 functional segments - each has own supply / drainage)
95
liver recesses
above - subphrenic
below - hepatorenal (morison's pouch)
96
liver ligaments
coronary (multiple) - to diaphragm
falciform - anterior ab wall
round - remnants of umbilical vein
97
gallbladder
body - neck - cystic duct
cystic artery - branch of R hepatic
98
biliary tree
cystic duct + common hepatic (R + L) = bile duct
99
main pancreatic duct
+ bile duct = ampulla of vater
drains into 2nd part of duodenum - major duodenal papilla (sphincter of oddi)
100
pancreatic arteries
splenic artery
^ pancreatic branches
gastroduodenal
^ superior pancreaticoduodenal
superior mesenteric
^ inferior pancreaticoduodenal
101
small intestine start / end
technically not the start. duodenaljejunal flexure
end - ileocaecal junction
102
small intestine mucosa
gradually smoother as you move through
folds - plicae circularis
103
L+R paracolic gutters
lateral edge of colon + abdominal wall
104
colon
teniae coli - bands of thickened SM on colon
haustra - tonic contraction
hepatic + splenic flexures
105
requirements of faecal continence
1. holding area (rectum)
2. visceral afferent nerves
3. functioning muscle sphincters
4. normal cerebral function
106
pelvis
greater pelvis
- pelvic inlet -
lesser pelvis
levator ani muscle
107
GI transitions
sigmoid -> rectum (anterior to S3)
rectum -> anal canal (anterior to coccyx tip / just before levator ani)
108
levator ani muscles
(RIGHT)
iliococcygeus \
pubococcygeus \
puborectalis |
109
anal sphincters
internal - SM
superior 2/3
sympathetic nerves
constantly contracted - relax in resp to distension
external - SkM
inferior 2/3
pudenal nerve (S2 / S3 / S4)
voluntarily contracted in resp to distension
110
rectum / anal canal nerve supply
symph - T12 - L2
(IM ganglia -> periarterial plexuses)
visceral afferent - S2 - S4 (w/ parasymph)
parasymph - S2 - S4
(pelvic splanchnic)
somatic motor - S2 - S4
(pudenal nerve)
111
pudenal nerve
sacral plexus branch
S2 / S3 / S4
enters vis greater + lesser sciatic foramen
can be stretched in labour
112
pectinate line
ABOVE
nerves - autonomic
arterial - IM artery
venous - portal (IM vein)
lymph - IM nodes
BELOW
nerves - somatic / pudenal
arterial - internal iliac
venous - sys (internal iliac)
lymph - superficial inguinal
113
pelvic lymph nodes
internal iliac (inferior pelvic)
external iliac (superior pelvis + lower limb)
common illiac (both of ^^)
lumbar (from ^)
114
rectal varices vs haemorrhoids
varices = portal hypertension (dilated collateral veins)
haemorrhoids = prolapses of venous plexus (raised gen pressure)
115
ischioanal fossae (L+R)
filled w/ fat + loose CT
communicate posteriorly
infection = ischioanal abscess
116
herniation requirements
1. structural weakness
2. increased pressure
117
inguinal hernia
weakness = inguinal canal
DIRECT - through ab wall
medial to inferior epigastric
parallel to spermatic chord
INDIRECT - uses canal, lateral to inferior epigastric
within spermatic chord
118
hesselbach's triangle
site for direct inguinal hernia
inferior epigastric artery /
(lateral) rectus abdominis \
inguinal ligament -
119
femoral hernia
weakness = myopectineal orifice (in femoral canal)
lateral + inferior ro pubic tubercle
120
abdominal sympth
T5 - L2 -> sympathetic chains -> thoracic splanchnic -> synapse at prevertebral ganglia -> periarterial plexuses
121
adrenal gland
T10 - L1 -> thoracic splanchnic -> periarterial plexuses -> synapse directly onto cells
122
abdominal parasymph
CN X (to distal tnsv colon)
on oesophagus -> periarterial plexuses -> synapse in organ wall ganglia
pelvic splanchnic (S2/3/4)
take over for CN X
123
ab divisions pain
foregut - epigastric (T6-T9)
midgut - umbilical (T8-T12)
hindgut - pubic (T10-L2)
124
referred ab pain
liver / gallbladder - shoulder tip
stomach - middle back
pancreas - central back
everything else self explanatory
125
extra-hepatic jaundice
bile duct obstruction -> backflow into liver -> overspill into blood
126
calot's triangle
anatomical landmark for cholecystectomy (contains cystic artery)
liver -
cystic duct \
common hepatic duct /
127
ERCP
investigation used to study biliary tree + pancreas
radiograph images of dye-filled biliary tree
128
lacteals
specialised lymph vessels (small intestine)
129
abdomen lymph nodes
celiac (foregut)
SM (midgut)
IM (hindgut)
lumbar (kidneys / posterior wall / pelvis / lower limbs)
