Anatomy Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
In both genders, what are the roots of the external genitalia anchored to?
A
The bony margin of the anterior half of the pelvic outlet
The thick, fibrous perineal membrane within this area
2
Q
Posterior border of the pelvic inlet?
A
The sacro-illiac body, projecting in as the sacral promontory
3
Q
What ligaments help make up the true pelvis?
A
Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
4
Q
Where do the ligaments that help make up the true pelvis attach?
A
Sacrotuberous ligament - ischial tuberosity to sacrum
Sacrospinous ligament - ischeal spine to sacrum
5
Q
What muscles help make up the true pelvis?
A
Obturator internus and piriformis
6
Q
Where does the piriformis arise from
A
Anterior sacrum and sacro-illiac joint
7
Q
Where does the piriformis insert?
A
Greater trochanter
8
Q
Where does the piriformis pass through
A
Transversely through the greater sciatic foramen via the sciatic notch
9
Q
Where does the obturator internus arise from?
A
The inferior margin of the superior pubic ramus and the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane
10
Q
Where does the obturator internus insert?
A
Greater trochanter of the femur
11
Q
Where does the obturator internus pass through
A
The inferior sciatic foramen
12
Q
What structures create the pelvic outlet
A
Anterior - Pubic symphysis to ischeal tuberosity
Posterior - sacrotuberous ligament and coccyx
13
Q
What are the pelvic floor muscles
A
Anterior - levitator ani
Posterior - coccygeas
14
Q
What is the innervation for the pelvic floor
A
S2 - S4
15
Q
Name the muscles that make up the levitator ani
A
Pubococcygeus, illiococcygeas, puborectalis
16
Q
Illiococcygeas is attached to…
A
Ischeal spine and tendonous arch of levitator ani
17
Q
What makes up the borders of the pelvic outlet
A
Coccyx, pubis symphysis, ischeal tuberosity
18
Q
What does piriformis do
A
Lateral rotation of the femur
19
Q
What nerve roots innervate piriformis
A
S1 & S2
20
Q
What innervates obturator internus
A
Obturator nerve
21
Q
What does obturator internus do
A
Lateral rotation of the femur
22
Q
Where does the obturator nerve arise from
A
Anteriorly from L2,3,4
23
Q
What passes through the urogenital hiatus
A
Urethra and vagina
24
Q
What are the segments of the perineum
A
Anterior - the urogenital triangle
Posterior - the anal triangle
25
What does the bulb of the penis become
Corpus spongeosum
26
What do the crura extend to become on males
The corpus cavernosum
27
What are the erectile muscles
Females - ischeocarvenosus and bulbospongiosus
Males - same but the bulbospongiosus is fused in the midline
28
What are the margins of the anal triangle
Anterior - posterior margin of the perineal membrane
lateral - Ischeoanal fossa
Posterior - coccyx
Posterio-lateral - sacrotuberous ligament
29
What is the blood supply to the true pelvis
Internal iliac artery (from the common iliac artery)
30
What is the artery to the perineum?
The internal pudendal artery (arising from the internal iliac artery)
31
Where does the pudendal nerve arise from
S2, S3 and S4
32
Where does the pudendal nerve arise from
S2, S3 and S4
33
What does the pudendal nerve innervate
Sensory - external genetalia, skin around anus, anal canal and perenium
Motor - pelvic muscles, external urethral sphincter and external anal sphincter
34
How does the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery enter the perineum?
Exit the pelvis via the greater sciatic notch, inferior to the piriformis, pass over the sacrospinous ligament and below the sacrotuberous ligament and through the Ischeoanal fossae
35
Where does the pudendal nerve pass in relation to the sciatic nerve?
Posterior
36
Where does the pudendal nerve pass in relation to the sciatic nerve?
Posterior
37
What is the pudendal canal?
The fascia covering obturator internus and the Ischeoanal fossa.
It contains the pudendal nerve, and internal pudendal artery and veins
38
Where does the internal rectal artery arise from
The internal pudendal artery within the pudendal canal
39
What does the pudendal nerve split to form
Dorsal nerve of the clitoris/penis and the perineal nerve
40
Where does the dorsal nerve of the clitoris/penis pass?
Deep perineal pouch
41
Where does the perineal nerve pass after it exits the pudendal canal
The superficial perineal pouch
42
Where does the internal pudendal artery pass
Continues within the deep perineal pouch
43
Where does the perineal artery pass
Superficial perineal pouch
44
What does the internal pudendal artery supply
Erectile tissue, urethra and clitoris/penis
45
What does the posterior labial/scrotal nerve supply?
Sensory - Skin of Labia Majora/scrotum
46
What does the perineal artery supply?
Labia/scrotum, transverse perineal muscles and perineal body
47
Where is colles fascia?
Membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia binding down the muscles at the root of the penis
48
What arteries branch from the posterior illiac artery
Iliolumbar, lateral sacral and gluteal (superior and inferior)
49
What arteries branch from the anterior illiac artery
Internal pudendal artery, inferior vesicle/vaginal artery, middle rectal artery, obturator artery, umbilical and uterine artery
50
To what lymph nodes do the ovaries and testes drain
Para-aortic lymph nodes
51
What is the arterial supply to the levitator ani muscle
Inferior gluteal artery
52
Where is the cremasteric fascia derived from?
Internal oblique
53
What is derived from the transversalis fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
54
Where is the external spermatic fascia derived from
External oblique
55
Where do the uterine arteries run
Cardinal ligaments at the base of the broad ligaments
56
Where does the ovarian artery arise from
Abdominal aorta
(At L2 just below the renal artery)
57
What is dartos fascia
Specialised connective tissue layer over shaft, scrotum and foreskin. The muscles of dartos proper within the scrotum are responsible for thermoregulation
58
What is the name for the deep fascia of the penis?
Bucks fascia
59
What runs through the suspensory ligament of the ovary
Ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian nerve plexus
60
Describe the fallopian tube anatomy from most distal to the uterus
Fimbrae > infundibulum> ampulla > isthmus > uterus
61
What connects the uterine fundus to the labia majora
Round ligament
62
What does the uterosacral ligament connect
Cervix/posterior vaginal vault to the posterior pelvic wall
63
What ligament contains the uterine vessels
Cardinal ligaments
64
What are the two layers of the uterine endometrium
Deep stratum basalis
Superficial stratum functionalis
65
What are the three sections of the broad ligament
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarian
Mesometrium
66
Lymphatic drainage of the fallopian tube
Mixed - iliac, sacral, aortic
67
Cell types within the fallopian tubes
Ciliated columnar epithelium cells
Peg cells (non ciliated secretory cells)
68
Where do the ovarian arteries arise from
Aorta below the renal arteries (L2)
69
Where do ovarian veins drain into
Left -> left renal vein
Right -> inferior vena cava
70
Nerves of the ovary?
Ovarian and uterine plexus
71
Cells of the ectocervix
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
72
Cells of the endocervix
Mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium
73
Cervix blood supply
Uterine artery (from internal illiac artery)
74
Cervix blood drainage
Plexus in the broad ligament -> uterine veins -> internal iliac veins
75
Cervix lymphatic drainage
Internal Iliac!
external illiac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes
76
What is the sit bone
Ischial tuberosity
77
What is the arterial supply to Levatator ani
Inferior gluteal artery
78
What innervates the internal anal sphincter
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4, parasympathetic)
79
What drains to the internal iliac lymph nodes
Prostate, cervix, proximal vagina, corpus cavernosa, lower rectum
80
What drains into the para-aortic lymph nodes
Ovaries, testes, kidneys, uterus
81
What drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Distal vagina, distal anus, testes, vulva (skin areas!)
82
What drains to the external iliac lymph nodes
Body of uterus, cervix and superior bladder
83
What does ischiocavernosus do
Maintain penile erection.
Innervated by the deep perineal nerve
84
Layers of the penis superficial to deep
Skin, colles fascia, bucks fascia, tunica albuginea
85
Explain somatic sensory innervation of the vagina
Inferior 1/5 has somatic sensory innervation. Arises from deep perineal nerve from the pudendal nerve.
86
Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?
Membranous urethra in the deep perineal pouch
87
Round ligament placement?
Horns of the uterus to labia majora
88
Ovarian ligament placement
Lateral surface of the uterus to ovaries
89
Broad ligament origin and insertion
Sides of uterus to walls and floor of pelvis
90
Where do suspensory ligaments originate and insert
Ovaries to walls of pelvis
91
Urethral lining cell type
Stratified squamous epithelium (transitional near the bladder)
92
What supplies somatic innervation to the external urethral sphincter
Pudendal nerve
93
What does the inferior hypogastric plexus supply
Uterine/vaginal plexus
Vesical plexus
Prostatic plexus
94
What nerve roots supply the anal reflex
S3 & S4
95
What supplies the external anal sphincter
Inferior rectal nerve (S2-S4)
96
What supplies the internal anal sphincter
Inferior hypogastric plexus
97
What innervates Levatator ani
Ramus of S4 and pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
98
What is the perineal flextire
Angle maintained by puborectalis, important for continence
99
What makes up the linea terminalis
Arcuate line, pectin pubis, pubic crest
100
Where is the sacral plexus in comparison to piriformis
Anterior
101
Motor function of pudendal nerve
Perineal skeleton muscles, external urethral and anal sphincters, levitator ani
102
Sensory function of pudendal nerve
Perineal skin, penis, clitoris
103
Energy source for spermatogenesis
ATP dephosphorylation (conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate)
104
What hormone controls spermatogenesis
FSH (mainly)
105
Pain sensation in the cervix
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
106
At what spinal level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm
T12
107
Nerve roots for lower abdominal reflex
T7-T12
108
Nerve roots for cremasteric reflex
L1
109
What lies posterior to suspensory ligament
Ureter
110
What runs through the suspensory ligament
Ovarian artery and veins
111
Cardinal ligament contents
Uterine artery and vein
112
Cardinal ligament contents
Uterine artery and vein
113
What structures are at risk of the cervix is perforated
Uterine artery and vein
114
What is the mesovarium
Where the broad ligament attaches to the ovaries
115
Where does the round ligament pass
Through the deep inguinal ring to enter the inguinal canal
116
What ligament can cause pain in pregnancy
Round ligament
117
Where does the uterosacral ligament run
Uterus to sacrum
118
Where is the pubucervical fascia run
Cervix to pubic bone
119
What spinal level does the ovarian artery emerge
L1
120
Blood supply to cervix
Uterine artery from anterior division of internal illiac artery
121
Blood supply to upper third of vagina
Uterine artery
122
What arterial injury most likely to cause rectal sheath hematoma
Inferior epigastric artery
123
Lap trochar can injure which artery?
Aorta
124
What autonomic nerves control the bladder
the superior hypogastric plexus
125
What innervation does the ovary get?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic from the uterine and ovarian plexuses
126
How do nerves reach the ovary?
Via the suspensory ligament of the ovary
127
Innervation of upper vagina?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation from hypogastric plexus.
NO somatic (pain) innervation
128
What artery is contained within the round ligament
Sampson's artery (branch of inferior epigastric)
129
What ligaments on females are gubernaculum remnants?
Round and ovarian suspnsory
130
Anterior vulval nerve supply
Ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
131
Posterior vulval nerve supply
Pudendal nerve (perineal nerve and labial nerve) and posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
132
Clitoral nerve supply
Cavernous nerves (parasympathetic), clitoral branch of the pudendal nerve
133
What nerve roots can a pfannenstiel incision damage
T12-L1
134
What nerve can be damaged in lithotomy
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3)
135
Nerve roots of diaphragmatic shoulder tip pain from ectopic
C3- C5
136
Peritoneal pain transmitted by sympathetic nervous system what nerve roots
T10- L2 (umbilicus, suprapubic anterior thigh)
137
Irritation of cervix/vagina/bladder felt?
Parasympathetic nervous system S2-S4 buttocks and posterior thigh
138
Describe the penile nerve system
Point and Shoot
Erection is Parasympathetic S1-S3
Ejaculation is Sympathetic T12-L1
139
Function of bartolins gland
Mucoid secretions, lubricate vagina and vulva
140
What is the male equivalent of bartholins
Bulbourethral gland
141
Embryological origin of bartholins
Urogenital sinus
142
Histology of bartholins
Columnar epithelium ->transitional epithelium -> squamous epithelium
143
Nerve to bartholins
Pudendal
144
What is the female equivalent of the prostate gland
Skenes gland
145
Female equivalent of corpus spongiosum
Vestibular bulbs
146
Labia minor male equivalent
Urethral surface of penis
147
Labia Majora male equivalent
Scrotum
148
What do paramesonephric/mullerian ducts form when exposed to XX
Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 vagina
149
In XX what happens if paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse
Didactic uterus/uterine septum
150
What do mesonephric/wolffian ducts do in presence of XY
Proliferate to form epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
151
What do mesonephric/wolffian ducts do in presence of XX
Regress
(Leave garters duct behind)
152
What do paramesonephric/mullerian ducts do in presence of XY
Regress
153
What does urogenital sinus form in males
Bladder, urethra, prostate, bulbourethral glands
154
What does urogenital sinus form in females
Bladder, urethra, skenes gland, bartolins
155
Describe the blood supply to the bladder
Superior vesical artery, vaginal artery supplementation, inferior vesicle artery
156
Venous drainage of the bladder
Vesical venous plexus
157
What nerves help fill the bladder
Sympathetic - hypogastric nerve T12-L2
Relaxes detrusor
158
What contracts detrusor muscle
Involuntary - parasympathetic, S2-S4 pelvic nerve
159
What controls voluntary micturation
Somatic, pudendal nerve, S2-S4
160
Where are skenes glands
Distal end of urethra in women
(2 mucous glands)
161
Main cell type of urethra
Stratified columnar epithelium (with transitional epithelium towards the top)
162
Innervation of urethra
Pudendal nerve and vesical plexus
163
Median nerve roots
C6-T1
164
Median nerve motor function
Flexor and pronator in anterior forearm compartment
165
Median nerve sensory function
Lateral aspect of palm, thumb, 2.5 fingers
166
Origins of median nerve
Axilla from brachial plexus
167
Location of median nerve relevant to brachial artety
Lateral in upper arm, cross at halfway, medial in lower arm
168
What happens if median nerve damaged
Can't 👌
Can't flex wrist
169
Spinal roots of ulnar nerve
C8-T1
170
Motor function of ulnar nerve
Small finger, half of ring finger, associated palm and dorsal hand
171
Sensory function of ulnar nerve
Medial one and a half fingers and associated palm area
172
Where does the ulnar nerve arise from
Brachial nerve within axilla region
173
Ulnar nerve journey through arm
Descends between axillary artery and vein, travels posterior to the elbow via ulnar tunnel, enters posterior compartment of arm
174
What deformity does damage to the ulnar nerve cause
Claw like hand deformity
175
What does ulnar nerve damage do to thumb
Weakens adduction
176
Radial nerve roots
C5-T1
177
Radial sensory innervation
Posterior forearm, lateral dorsuk.of hand, lateral surface of bottom half of three and half lateral digits
178
Radial motor innervation
Triceps and forearm extensors
179
How does the radial nerve travel in the upper arm
In the humerus radial groove
180
How does the radial nerve travel in the upper arm
In the humerus radial groove
181
What vessel accompanies the radial nerve
Deep brachial artery
182
How does the radial nerve enter the forarm
Anterior to the lateral epicondyle
183
Radial nerve divisions?
Deep - motor posterior forearm
Superficial - sensory dorsal hand
184
Radial nerve divisions?
Deep - motor posterior forearm
Superficial - sensory dorsal hand
185
What happens with damage to the radial nerve
Drop wrist
186
Musculotaneous nerve roots
C5-C7
187
Musculotaneous nerve motor innervation
Muscles.of anterior upper arm
188
Musculotaneous nerve sensory innervation
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forarm
189
Musculotaneous nerve damage?
Weakened elbow and shoulder flexion
Weak forearm supination
190
What happens to ulnar nerve when arm flexed
Moves anteriorly
(Further from insertion site of posterior to sulcus)
191
Dermatomal level for innervation of anus
S5
If any voluntary contraction of anal sphincter then a spinal cord injury is motor Incomplete
192
What are the three main contributors to the inferior hypogastric plexus
Superior hypogastric plexus
Sacral splanchnic nerves
Pelvic splanchnic nervee
193
What is the widest part of the male urethra
Prostatic urethra
194
What is the flow of sperm from testes to ejaculation
Seminiferous tubules > rete testes > efferent tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra
195
What is the embryological origin of the anterior Pituitary
Rathkes pouch (ectoderm)
196
What is the embryological origin of the posterior pituitary
Infundibulum
197
What is the cremasteric fascia derived from
Internal oblique
198
What is the internal spermatic fascia derived from
Transversalis fascia
199
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis
Secondary cartilaginous
200
When a sten cell creates more stem cells, this process is called
Mitosis
201
In men what does LH act on
Leydig cells
202
What do.leydig cells do in summary
Convert cholesterol to testosterone
203
What cell in males does fsh act on
Sertoli cells
204
What does fsh do in Sertoli cells in summary
Create androgen bonding protein
205
What does androgen bonding protein do.
Makes testosterone less lipophilic so it stays within the Seminole tube lumen
206
What does testosterone do in the testes
Stimulate primary spermatocytes to become secondary spermatocytes (meiosis I)
Stimulate secondary spermatocytes to become spermatids (meiosis II)
Stimulate spermatids to become spermatozoa (spermatogenesis)
207
What cells make inhibin in men
Sertoli cells
208
What does inhibin do in men
Inhibits production of fsh by acting on hypothalamus and anterior Pituitary
209
What is another name for the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
Infundibulopelvic ligament
