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MFSRH Part 1 CM > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Thickens uterine lining

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2
Q

What does progesterone do to the uterus

A

Makes the endometrium become glandular and secretory
Thickens the myometrium and reduces motility

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3
Q

Oestrogen changes to mucus?

A

Thin, alkaline, stringy cervical mucus

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4
Q

Progesterone changes to mucus

A

Thick acidic cervical mucus

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5
Q

What is the most abundant estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

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6
Q

What is the most abundant estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

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7
Q

How is oestrogen produced

A

Produced by ovaries in response to LH

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8
Q

What does fsh do

A

Acts upon the ovary
Stimulates develment of a primary follice

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9
Q

What does LH do

A

Acts upon the ovary
Stimulates production of estradiol (E2)

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10
Q

How does progesterone affect body temp

A

Causes increase of 0.2°C

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11
Q

What nerve fibres control the external anal sphincter

A

Somatic nerve fibres of the pudendal nerve (which can be consciously relaxed)

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12
Q

What nerve fibres innervate the internal anal sphincter

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the pudendal nerve (which relax involuntarily)

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet

A

Lateral - iliopectinealline
Anterior - pubic crest
Posterior - anterior margin of the base of the sacrum and sacral promontory

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14
Q

What are the three types of naturally produced oestrogen

A

Estradiol, estrone, estriol

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15
Q

Where is estradiol produced?

A

Ovaries

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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH

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18
Q

On what does GnRH act?

A

Anterior Pituitary (producing LH and FSH)

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19
Q

What happens to ovarian follicle cells when FSH/LH act on them?

A

Differentiate into theca cells and granulosa cells

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20
Q

Dominant hormone in follicular phase?

A

Oestrogen

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21
Q

Dominant hormone in luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

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22
Q

What happens to the pituitary as oestrogen levels rise?

A

Oestrogen acts as an inhibitor and less FSH is produced

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23
Q

What does oestrogen do to the pituitary just prior to ovulation

A

Pituitary becomes more sensitive to GnRH, increasing sensitivity to oestrogen creating a surge of LH and FSH

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24
Q

How does progesterone act on the pituitary in the luteal phase?

A

Acts as an inhibitor and reduces production of LH

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25
What happens when there is a reduction of LH from the pituitary in the luteal phase?
Reduction in production of progesterone (leading to menstruation)
26
In what cell is cholesterol turned into steroids hormones
Theca cells
27
What is cholesterol turned into in theca cells
Pregnenolone (by cholesterol desmolase)
28
Where is testosterone converted?
In granulosa cells by aromatase into 17b-estradiol
29
What is 17b-estradiol bound to in the blood?
Sex hormone binding globulin ((SHBG)
30
What transports progesterone in the blood?
Albumin and transcortin
31
Systemic effects of oestrogen
Cardiovascular - protective, keeps blood vessel walls flexible, reduces levels of LDL cholesterol Skeletal - sustains bone density
32
Systemic effects of oestrogen
Cardiovascular - protective, keeps blood vessel walls flexible, reduces levels of LDL cholesterol Skeletal - sustains bone density
33
Systemic effects of progesterone
Maintains bone strength Increases skin elasticity
34
What does the placenta produce?
Estriol Progesterone
35
What estrogen is being produced during menopause?
Estrone (E1) (by fat cells and adrenal glands)
36
What increases hepatic synthesis of transport proteins
Oestrogen
37
Receptors on theca cells
LH
38
Receptors on granulosa cells
FSH
39
What is produced within the theca cell
LH stimulates production of cholesterol -> progestogens -> androgens (Granulosa cells can also do cholesterol ->progesterone)
40
What does the granulose cells do to androgens
Turns them into oestrogens
41
How long do platelets live for
9-10 days
42
What does LH do in men
Stimulates production of testosterone from leydig cells
43
How many days to grow a follicle
80 days (65 + 5 + 10)
44
What produces AMH
Granulosa cells
45
What is AMH
Peptide growth factor
46
What is testosterone hydroxylated to
Dihydrotestosterone
47
What it testosterone aromatised to
Estradiol
48
Where is androstenedione produced
Ovaries and adrenals
49
Where is DHEA produced
Ovaries and adrenals
50
Where is prolactin secreted from
Lactotroph cells in anterior Pituitary
51
What synthesizes growth hormones
Somatotrophs in the anterior Pituitary
52
What controls production of growth hormone
Hypothalamic secretion of GHRH and somatostatin
53
First stage of female puberty
Thelarche (breast development)
54
What does oestrogen do in breast development
Duct growth
55
What does progesterone do in breast development
Growth of lobules and alveoli
56
When does DHEA production peak
Age 25
57
Definition of Delayed puberty?
Absence of secondary sexual development by 12 OR Failure of menarche within 3 years of onset of secondary sexual characteristics
58
Where is oxytocin synthesized
Hypothalamus
59
What increases ESR
Large cells (macrocytosis), fewer cells, more proteins
60
LH subunit associated with PCOS
Beta subunit
61
Where is prolactin produced
Anterior Pituitary gland
62
What lymphocytes are the majority circulating lymphocytes?
T-cells
63
Where is oxytocin synthesized
Hypothalamus for release from posterior pituitary gland.
64
What produces inhibin in men
Sertoli cells
65
Where do sperm acquire the ability to become mobile
Epidymis
66
How are sperm formed
Primary spermatocytes are formed in the spermatogonium, which then divides into two secondary spermatocytes, which then becomes 4 spermatids
67
What do DNA polymerase enzymes do
Required for DNA replication and repair
68
MoA azithromycin
Prevents RNA dependant protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal sub unit
69
What does factor Xa do
Converts prothrombin (Factor II) to thrombin
70
What does thrombin do
Converts soluble fibrinogen into solid fibrin clot
71
What are the factors in the PT pathway
Factor 7 then factor III
72
If factor 10 is affected, what coagulation pathway is affected
Both PT and PTT as factor X is common pathway
73
What receptors can be found on the bladder
Muscurinicn3 and beta 3
74
What receptor is on the male internal urthrethra
Alpha 1 receptor
75
What receptor is on the external urethral sphincter
Nicotinic receptor
76
Where is the micturation system located
Pons
77
What does the pelvic (parasympathetic) nerve act on on the bladder
M3 with acetylcholine causing contractions of the detrusor
78
What receptor does the pudendal nerve act on in micturition
Releases acetylcholine onto the nicotinic receptor at the external urethral sphincter
79
What does the hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) act on in the bladder
Releases noradrenaline onto beta 3 receptors causing relaxation of the detrusor ( And acts on alpha 1 receptor on internal sphincter causing contraction)
80
What binds platelets to Von Willebrand Factor
Glycoprotein 1b
81
What binds platelets together
Glycoprotein 2b/3a (and fibrinogen)
82
Majority circulating estrogen for someone on coc
Estrone
83
How much testosterone is bound to SHBG
2/3 of circulating testosterone
84
How much testosterone is bound to albumin
1/3 of circulating testosterone is weakly bound to albumin
85
How much testosterone is free circulation
2%
86
Rare causes of hot flushes?
Pheochromocytoma and carcinoid syndrome
87
Common causes of hot flushes
Menopause and hyperthyroid
88
Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
Catecholamines
89
Diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome
24 hours urinary 5 hydroyindoleacetic acid
90
What does 5 alpha reductase do?
Convert testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone
91
Gene mutation in 5 alpha reductase deficiency?
SRD5A2
92
Type of mutation for 5alpha reductase
Autosomal recessive, sex limited (male)
93
In theca cells, what converts cholesterol into pregnenalone
Cholesterol desmolase
94
In theca cells what converts pregnenolone to progesterone
3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
95
In theca cells, what happens to the pregnenalone that is not converted to progesterone
Converts to 17-hydroxypregnenolone then to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
96
In theca cells, what converts DHEA to androstenedione
3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
97
In granulosa cells, what converts androstenedione into testosterone
17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
98
What does testosterone convert to in granulosa cells
17B estradiol via aromatase
99
Where is oxytocin produced
Paraventricular nucleii of the hypothalmus
100
Where is oxytocin releases from
Herring bodies on the posterior pituitary
101
Where is prolactin produced
Lactotrophs in the anterior postuitary
102
What inhibits prolactin?
Dopamine
103
What does prolactin inhibit
GnRH (thus inhibiting lh and FSH)
104
What does prolactin do
Stimulate breast milk productiin
105
What does oxytocin do after birth
Cause alveolar duct myometrial cells to contract, pushing milk out

MFSRH Part 1 CM (15 decks)

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