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Normal Animal > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones form the skull/hyoid apparatus?

A

50

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2
Q

What 4 bones are not paired in the skull?

A

vomer, ethmoid, occipital, and basihyoid

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3
Q

2 regions of the skull

A

facial region (visceral)
neural region (neurocranium)

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4
Q

3 lengths of skulls for dog breeds

A

brachycephalic
mesaticephalic
dolichocephalic

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5
Q

3 cavities of the skull

A

cranial
nasal
paranasal

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6
Q

Cribriform plate

A

rostral wall of the cranial cavity

tiny holes for passage of olfactory nerves and blood vessels

separates cranial cavity from nasal cavity

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7
Q

nasal septum divides nasal cavity into 2_____

A

nasal fossae

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8
Q

rostral bony opening into nasal cavity

A

nasal aperture

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9
Q

What is the choanae

A

2 openings at the end of the hard palate

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10
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

air filled- in the facial bones (skull sandwich)

communicate with nasal cavity

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11
Q

what sinus is the largest in the horse

A

the maxillary paranasal sinus

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12
Q

what are the 4 pairs of sinuses in a horse

A

maxillary, frontal, conchal, sphenopalatine

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13
Q

what is the largest sinus in an ox

A

frontal sinus - extends into horns

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14
Q

what are the 6 pairs of sinuses in oxes

A

frontal, maxillary, conchal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal

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15
Q

what is the vascular notch

A

only present in the horse, can feel the pulse in the facial artery (near their big chunky jawline)

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16
Q

3 parts of the ramus in the cat and dog

A

coronoid process, condylar process, angular process

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17
Q

what is the hyoid apparatus

A

series of bones that suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull

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18
Q

species variation for the lingual process in the hyoid apparatus

A

none in carnivores
short in ox
long in horse

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19
Q

whats the widest part of the skull

A

zygomatic arch

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20
Q

what is the nasoincisive notch

A

palpable landmark in the horse
- between nasal and incisive bones
- helps find infraorbital foramen

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21
Q

what is the facial crest

A

in horses, the ridge on the lateral surface of the face

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22
Q

what is the facial tuberosity

A

in ruminants it’s a process on the lateral surface of the face

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23
Q

what species is the orbit incomplete? (and what is it completed by?)

A

dog and cat (completed by orbital ligament)

complete in horses, ruminants

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24
Q

what is below the zygomatic arch and has many foramina for vessels/nerves

A

pterygopalatine fossa

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25
Q

what is the name of the osseous opening to the ear/tympanic bulla

A

external acoustic meatus

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26
Q

what is the mastoid process

A

caudodorsal to external acoustic meatus and is an attachment site for muscles
- in the dog touches the hyoid apparatus

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27
Q

what is the cornual process

A

continuation of the frontal bone, houses the frontal sinus

larger in ruminants

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28
Q

where is the external sagittal crest

A

on the midline of the top of the head (more caudal)

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29
Q

what species does not have an external sagittal crest

A

ruminants

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30
Q

what converges to form the external sagittal crest

A

the temporal line (ruminants have this too!)

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31
Q

where would you anesthetize an ox for de-horning

A

under the temporal lines there is the cornual VAN
(nerve block)

32
Q

what separates the oral and nasal cavities

A

the hard palate

33
Q

where can you enter to drain the otitis media in carnivores?

A

the tympanic bulla

34
Q

Clinical significance of the tympanic bulla in the cat (what part)?

A

septum bullae
- should be broken to permit drainage BUT don’t damage sympathetic nerves

35
Q

where does the nuchal crest meet?

A

external occipital protuberance

36
Q

what is the nuchal crest

A

transverse ridge at the back of the skull

37
Q

clinical signifance of the external occipital protuberance

A

CSF taps in dogs

38
Q

what do the occipital condyles articulate with?

A

atlantooccipital articulation

39
Q

what is the opening that the spinal cord passes

A

foramen magnum

40
Q

where would you dental nerve block (in horses esp.)

A

infraorbital foramen

41
Q

sutures are a ____ joint

A

fibrous

42
Q

What is a gomphosis

A

fibrous joint that holds the periodontal ligament of teeth (do not ossify)

43
Q

What is the only joint between bone and non-bone

A

gomphosis - bone and teeth

44
Q

the mandibular symphysis is a ____ joint

A

fibrocartilaginous

45
Q

where is a cartilaginous joint in the skull

A

joint of the hyoid apparatus (near mastoid process)

46
Q

What are the 3 synovial joints of the skull (for this exam)

A

articulation of the hyoid apparatus with the larynx

TMJ !! - tempromandibular joint

atlanto-occipital articulation

47
Q

vertebral formula of the dog/cat

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20

48
Q

vertebral formula of the horse

A

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 20

49
Q

Vertebral formula of oxes

A

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20

50
Q

Vertebral formula for sheep and goats

A

C7 T13 L 6-7 S 4 Cd 18

51
Q

Calvier king charles spaniel disease

A

intervertebral disc disease IVDD

52
Q

what 2 bones form the vertebral arch

A

lamina (on top) and pedicle on the sides

53
Q

how many articular processes per vertebra

A

4- 2 cranial 2 caudal

forms synovial joints

54
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

formed by cranial and caudal vertebral notches

transmits spinal nerves and vessel

55
Q

transational vertebrae are

A

located between 2 vertebral groups (c7 large dsp)

56
Q

which vertebrae have transverse foramina

A

c1-c6 (not c7)

form the transverse canal for vertebral VAN

57
Q

atlas 3 facts

A

wing are modified transverse processes

no intervertebral foramen, but has lateral vertebral foramen for 1st cervical spinal nerve

presence of alar foramen (notch in cats and dogs)

58
Q

axis 2 facts

A

longest body of vertebra

Dens forms pivot w/ atlas

59
Q

c6 clinical significance

A

large transverse process

TP is a landmark in surgery and radiographs

60
Q

c7 3 facts

A
  • has higher spinous process.
  • No transverse foramen
  • Has costal facets on its caudal surface for the 1st. rib
61
Q

how many costal foveae per thoracic vertebrae

A

6

2 cranial, 2 caudal - 1 per transverse process

62
Q

the withers

A

high point of back - T2-8

apex from t4-7

63
Q

anticlinal vertebra

A

angulation changes - goes straight up

64
Q

anticlinal vertebra in horse vs dogs

A

t11 in dogs, t15/16 in horses

65
Q

what are kissing spines

A

spinal impingement - in horses overcrowding of dsps causes back paint

66
Q

what parts of the rib articulate with the costal fovea

A

the head and tubercle

67
Q

roughly how many sternebrae in sternum

A

6-8
1= manubrium
last is the xiphoid process

68
Q

lumbar vertebrae have….

A

large transverse processes and no costal facets

69
Q

what vertebrae have mamillary processes

A

t2/t3 to L7

70
Q

all lumbar and the last few thoracic vertebra have..

A

accessory processes

71
Q

lumbar vertebrae in the horse

A

the transverse processes of the last few lumbar vertebrae articulate with each other (and they articulate with wings of sacrum)

  • think anatomy fused example
72
Q

What is spina bifida

A

cleft vertebra - neural arches fail to meet dorsally- open vertebral canal

come in english bull dogs
neural tube defects

73
Q

how many paris of ventral sacral foramina in the sacrum

A

2 pairs

74
Q

what is prominent in cattle caudal vertebrae

A

hemal arch

75
Q

What are the 10 joints of the vertebral column

A

atlanto-occipital jt.
atlanto-axial jt.

joints of the articular processes
costovertebral jt.
jt of rib tubercle

sternocostal jt.
costocchondral synchondrosis
sternal synchondroses

intervertebral symphysis
sacroiliac jt.

76
Q

3 long ligaments of the vertebral column

A

ventral longitudinal lig.
dorsal longitudinal lig.
supraspoinous lig.

77
Q

2 parts of the nuchal ligament (and what species it is not present in)

A

funicular and lamellar

absent in cats and pigs
dog only has funicular part

Normal Animal (18 decks)

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