Neuro 3 Flashcards by Natalie Bolin

3 layers of the meninges

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3 spaces of the meninges

epidural space
subdural space
subarachnoid space

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What are the pachymeninges?

Dura mater
- tough = protection
-outer later
- encompasses venous sinuses
- Infoldings separate parts of the brain
• Faux cerenri between cerebral hemispheres
• Tentorium cerebelli between cerebrum and cerebellum

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What are the leptomeninges

arachnoid mater and pia mater

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Arachnoid mater overview

spider web like
- Function: cushioning and absorption of CSF
- holds small arteries
-has granulations to absorb CSF back to the bloodstream

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Pia mater overview

delicate
- follows the gyri and sulci
-function: barrier, blood vessel penetration

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What is the circle of Willis and what leads up to it

anatomical circle of blood flow to the brain
comes from internal carotid arteries, and basilar artery (from 2 vertebral arteries)

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2 arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord

dorsal and ventral spinal artery

(1 supplies dorsal white/gray matter, the other ventral AND lateral white/gray matter)

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2 major veins of the spinal cord

dorsal spinal vein and ventral spinal vein

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What is the function of the blood brain barrier

protect the neural tissue from pathogens and toxins in the bloodstream

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What are the components of the blood brain barrier

• Endothelial cells with tight junctions
• Basement membrane
• Pericytes – contractile cells
• Astrocyte foot processes

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How did they discover the blood brain barrier

Intravenous dye injection stained all tissue except the brain and CSF

choroid plexus and meninges were stained

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Ventricle of the telencephalon

lateral ventricles

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what are the ventricles of the diencephalon

third ventricle

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what part of the ventricular system is in the mesencephalon

mesencephalic aqueduct

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What ventricle is in the rhombencephalon (met and myel)

fourth ventricle

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what part of the ventricular system is in the spinal cord?

central canal

Lateral ventricles

ventricles 1 and 2
-in the cerebral hemispheres
left and right divided by septum pellucidum

(has choroid plexus)

Third ventricle

donut shape around the intrathalamic adhesion

(has choroid plexus)

mesencephalic aqueduct

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
common site of obstruction bc it is small

Fourth ventricle

connects aqueduct to central canal
has lateral and medial openings into subarachnoid space
- prion diseases attack here
(has choroid plexus)

Cerebrospinal fluid overview

• Clear, colorless fluid
• Fills the ventricular system and subarachnoid space
• Produced by choroid plexus from blood
• Functions
• Protection/shock absorption
• Homeostasis
• Clearance of waste products

What is the choroid plexus?

• Specialized ependymal cells forms CSF from blood
• Form papillary structures containing many blood vessels
• Located in lateral, third and fourth ventricles

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (8)

• Lateral ventricle
• Interventricular foramen
• Third ventricle
• Mesencephalic aqueduct
• Fourth ventricle
• Medial and lateral foramens
• Subarachnoid space
• Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations

Where are the low and high spinal taps located?

High: cerebellomedullary cistern (cisternal) Low: Lumbar

axons can be

myelinated or unmyelinated

Connective tissue of peripheral nerves (3)

• Endoneurium – around individual axons • Perineurium – around bundles of axons • Epineurium – around nerves

What myelinates peripheral nerve axons?

schwann cells

Peripheral nerves

White • Solid and do not stretch • Typically run in the fascia between muscle bodies • May parallel the blood vessels (neurovascular bundle)

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

splits into somatic and autonomic autonomic splits into parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric Somatic = skeletal voluntary

Somatic nervous system

voluntary movement, skeletal muscle, 1 neuron with the cell body in CNS

Autonomic nervous system

Visceral, cardiac and smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion 2 neurons that synapse outside of the CNS

Parasympathetic Nervous system

maintain homeostasis slow ganglia in/near target organ origin in brainstem/sacral long preganglionic and short post ganlionic motor neurons presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotransmitter = ACETYLCHOLINE

Sympathetic chart overview

response to stress fast! ganglia in parallel chain next to spinal cord origin in lateral horns of thoracic and lumbar spine short preganglionic and long postganglionic motor neurons presynaptic neurotransmitter= acetylcholine postsynaptic neurotransmitter = norepinephrine

Actions of sympathetic nervous system

• Fight, flight, fright response (stress) • Increased heart and respiratory rate • Increased blood flow to muscles • Decreased digestive processes • Innervates nearly every tissue in the body

motor pathways vs sensory pathways in sympathetic nervous system

Motor= preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron Sensory = similar to somatic (skeletal) system cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion

Adrenal gland overview

• Located cranial and medial to kidney (on top) • Endocrine gland – releases chemical messengers into blood • Parts • Cortex • Controlled by the pituitary gland • Medulla • Controlled by sympathetic nerves (stress) • Releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Parasympathetic actions

• Rest and digest • Decreased heart and respiratory rate • Increased digestion

Parasympathetic motor vs sensory pathway

motor = pre/post ganglionic neurons sensory = similar to cranial and spinal nerves

Enteric nervous system

Web-like series of neurons located in the wall of the intestine “second brain” more neurons than the brain uses vagus nerve