Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Immune and other Defense Systems ) 4

Question 1

The Integumentary System is a ___________ defensive system, that includes the ________ and it’s appendages

Answer 1

1) Nonspecific

2) Skin

Question 2

What are the three functions of the integument? (skin)

Answer 2

1) Protection
2) insulation
3) sensory

Question 3

Defensive features of Integument is that it is Generally ___________.
Opening through it also have _________ and barriers in place.
It’s also slightly _________ to inhibit bacterial growth

Answer 3

1) impermeable (things don’t go thru)
2) sphincters
3) acidic

Question 4

Openings (mouth and anus) have sphincters and associated __________ (sticky secretions inhibit entrance of foreign matter).

Answer 4

mucous membranes

Question 5

___________ is a chemical in stage A of Superficial Inflammatory Response, that diffuses and is released from macrophages and cyanides certain things going back to capillary like a histamine.

Answer 5

Cytokine

Question 6

Defensive proteins from the bloodstream help to contain _________

Answer 6

microbes

Question 7

Histamines cause__________. When released, releases lots of fluid, causing RBC’s to follow ______ to their job.

Answer 7

1) irritation

2) WBC’s

Question 8

Leukocytes help to ________ contained microbes

Answer 8

destroy

Question 9

_________ are lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow, then are carried to lymphoid tissue via blood stream and lymphatic circulation

Answer 9

B-Lymphocytes

Question 10

____________ is the removal of cellular debris and general invading microorganisms. (NONSPECIFIC)

Answer 10

PHAGOCYTES

Question 11

what are the two types of PHAGOCYTES

Answer 11

1) Microphages

2) Macrophages

Question 12

Microphages divides into _________ and __________

Answer 12

neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 13

__________ target bacteria and debris

Answer 13

Neutrophils

Question 14

_________ target both foreign substances and things covered with antiodies.

Answer 14

Eosinophils

Question 15

Macrophages is larger, either fixed in a tissue, or _____________. Can come from remote locations to _____________.

Answer 15

1) highly mobile

2) attack invaders

Question 16

____________ will attack pretty much any cell that looks abnormal; i.e. not presenting the surface cell proteins and other molecules associated with “self”.
(NONSPECIFIC)

Answer 16

NATURAL KILLER CELLS (“NK CELLS”)

Question 17

NK CELLS will generally adhere to abnormal cells and causes ______ (tear them open) with an enzyme called __________

Answer 17

1) lysis

2) perforin

Question 18

_____________ Known to have a role in attacking tumor cells (cancers).

Answer 18

Perforin

Question 19

__________ are small proteins released by lymphocytes and macrophages, or tissues invaded by viruses. (NONSPECIFIC)

Answer 19

INTERFERONS

Question 20

INTERFERONS Bind to surfaces of normal cells, and stimulates them to produce _____________ in their own cytoplasm.

Answer 20

anti-viral proteins

Question 21

antiviral proteins do not prevent entrance of viruses into a cell, but it prevents their __________. This slows virus action until other cells can arrive to help _______ of them.

Answer 21

1) reproduction

2) dispose

Question 22

COMPLEMENT (NONSPECIFIC)

Special proteins, about ___ different kinds.

They are called complement because they _________
___________
Together with _________, they will begin a series of reactions with other complement proteins to build an enzyme that will attach to an invader’s cell wall and ___ it. ( tear them up)

Answer 22

1) 30
2) do not act alone.
3) antibodies
4) lyse

Question 23

__________ Creates an environment in which invaders such as viruses and bacteria do not reproduce well.

The problem is that very high ________ can interfere with other body functions.

Answer 23

1) Fever

2) fevers

Question 24

LYMPHOCYTE-BASED DEFENSE
includes Cell-Mediated Immunity, based on the function of T-lymphocytes which defend against __________ & ________ in cells.

Answer 24

1) abnormal cells

2) pathgens

Question 25

The body must be able to recognize the difference between “______” and “______” so that it may engage in self defense

Answer 25

1) self | 2) nonself

Question 26

ANTIGENS A foreign substance or ________. Any substance against which an _______ is produced. More specifically, antigens are generally recognized as proteins or ___________ on the cell surface of an invading organism.

Answer 26

1) organism 2) antibody 3) polysaccarides

Question 27

ANTIBODIES are Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an ________, They _____ to specific sites on antigen surfaces.

Answer 27

1) antigen | 2) bind

Question 28

Antibodies don’t kill organisms they can ________ an invader, and initiate the process of activating __________ and other natural killers.

Answer 28

1) inactivate | 2) phagocytic cells

Question 29

_________ Can combine with bacterial toxins or viruses to prevent attachment to target cells (“inactivation”).

Answer 29

antibodies

Question 30

we have coding to deal w/ antigens that your body ________________

Answer 30

has never known

Question 31

Antibodies are made by both ____________and ______________ ( both have cell in bone marrow)

Answer 31

1) T-lymphocytes: Specific antibodies ( T-Cells that have residence in the thymus gland) 2) B-lymphocytes: Specific antibodies and Natural antibodies.

Question 32

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE belong to group of plasma proteins called “_________.”

Answer 32

globulins

Question 33

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE Made up of four __________ (amino acid chains). Two longer and larger, two shorter and smaller. Have the shape of a letter “Y”. Intersection of arms and base of “Y shape” is flexible, allowing ___________ of antibody when it attaches to an antigen.

Answer 33

1) polypeptides | 2) deformation

Question 34

``` SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM: LYMPHOCYTES *B-Lymphocytes (“B cells”) *T- Lymphocytes (“T cells”) - - - - ```

Answer 34

1) Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) 2) Helper Cells 3) Memory Cells 4) Suppressor Cells

Question 35

____________ Mature in bone marrow, then carried to lymphoid tissue via blood stream and lymphatic circulation. (This process of maturation and migration takes place throughout life.)

Answer 35

B-LYMPHOCYTES

Question 36

Other lymphocytes can be generated via _________ of B lymphocytes resident in lymphoid tissues.

Answer 36

mitosis

Question 37

T-LYMPHOCYTES Immature lymphocytes leave bone marrow during fetal and early neonatal life. Go to ___________ Mature there before they go on to other ____________

Answer 37

1) thymus gland | 2) lymphoid tissues.

Question 38

__________ that is derived from one of these original T-lymphocytes via mitosis is also a T-lymphocyte.

Answer 38

lymphocyte

Question 39

____________ cells Directly attack antigens or abnormal cells

Answer 39

Cytotoxic T

Question 40

___________ Respond to antigens that have been encountered before.

Answer 40

Memory T cells

Question 41

Helper T cells Stimulate activity of both_________.

Answer 41

T can B cells

Question 42

helper T cell stimulate the B cells to _______________

Answer 42

secrete antibodies

Question 43

_____________ let other cells know that it is time to stop hunting. Regulate the immune response

Answer 43

Supressor T cells

Question 44

T cell are for Recognition _________________

Answer 44

maintain, facilitate and control the immune response

Question 45

B cells being more mobile Allows them to flow in and out of the ___________ as well as the cardiovascular system which speeds up the interaction between B cells and _______ more quickly

Answer 45

1) lymphatic system | 2) antigens

Question 46

B cell process 1. Sensitization 2. _______ pulled into the B cell 3. Helper T cell gives the green light secreting ________ 4. B cells activate and ________ 5. Helper T cells gives the red light to stop making cytokines and copies

Answer 46

1) Antigen 2) cytokines 3) replicate

Question 47

Plasma cells Make huge quantities of_________. This is when the effects of an antigen start to become knocked down

Answer 47

Antibodies

Question 48

B Memory cells Long term ________. Recognize when infected with the same antigen for quicker response

Answer 48

immunity

Question 49

Can pass through the placenta. Pass some antibodies to the baby

Answer 49

IgG

Question 50

Small class of immunoglobins that can pass many epithelia. Pass IgG antibodies to other mammals through their milk

Answer 50

IgA

Question 51

B cells- plasma cells created for more antibody carrying cells then released to circulatory systems

Answer 51

Primary immune response

Question 52

Some activated B cells become plasma cells and some become B memory cells.

Answer 52

Secondary immune response

Question 53

Natural antibodies Attach to _________ with the help Lectins, they can hold invaders at bay. Clean up cellular junk and debris.

Answer 53

invaders

Question 54

Kills helper T cells which does not activate B cells therefore you get no response for ANY infection. Autoimmune

Answer 54

HIV and AIDS