Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Structure of the Lung ) 2

Question 1

The diaphragm is derived from _________ of cervic

Answer 1

hypaxial musculature

Question 2

Diaphragm is innervated by the __________, segment ___, ___, ___.

Answer 2

1 ) right and left phrenic nerves

2) (C3,4,5).

Question 3

Diaphragm is a muscular _____ -shaped structure.

Answer 3

dome

Question 4

How many types and total ligaments are in the diaphragm?

Name them

Answer 4

Three types and 5 ligaments in total.

1) Median ligament
2) Right medial ligament
3) Left medial ligament
4) Right lateral ligament
5) Left lateral ligament

Question 5

The diaphragm ligaments are called?

Answer 5

Arcuate ligaments

Question 6

Right and left Crura are ___________ that help _____ diaphragm.

Answer 6

1) muscular columns

2) attach

Question 7

what does the trachea branch into

Answer 7

2 Primary Bronchi (right and left)

Question 8

what does the primary bronchi branch into

Answer 8

to many Secondary Bronchi

Question 9

what does the secondary bronchi branch into

Answer 9

to many Tertiary Bronchi

Question 10

The ________ branch into many Bronchioles

Answer 10

tertiary bronchi

Question 11

what do the bronchioles branch into

Answer 11

Alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)

Question 12

the right lung has 3 _____ and __ branches

Answer 12

1 ) lobes

2) 3

Question 13

the left lung has __ branches and 2 ________.

Answer 13

1 ) 2

2) branches

Question 14

lungs are highly _________

Answer 14

vascularized

Question 15

All blood vessels are derived from

Answer 15

mesoderm

Question 16

Arteries tend to run ______ to branches of _______.

Answer 16

1) ventral

2) bronchial tree.

Question 17

The arteries, veins and tubes going in to the lungs enters about a same area called __________.
( it is also Where bronchi and vessels disappear into tissue of lung)

Answer 17

ROOT OF THE LUNG

Question 18

what are the 3 lobes on the right lung called?

Answer 18

1) superior lobe (upper)
2) middle lobe
3) inferior lobe (lower)

Question 19

what are the 2 lobes on the left lung called?

Answer 19

1) superior lobe (upper)

2) inferior lobe (lower)

Question 20

The right lung has 2 fissures called?

Answer 20

1) horizontal ( between the upper and middle lobe)

2) oblique ( between the middle and lower lobe)

Question 21

the left lung has 1 fissure called?

Answer 21

1) oblique ( between the upper and lower lobe)

Question 22

veins in lungs are more variable in _____.

Answer 22

pattern

Question 23

Smaller sections of the lobes are called

Answer 23

Bronchopulmonary segmental (each lung has 10 segments)

Question 24

The blood vessels in the lungs are arranged in a certain way to

Answer 24

increase and maximize surface area for gas exchange.

Question 25

The branching patterns in the lungs and in nature follow what kind of pattern

Answer 25

a mathematical problem (bronchi -->secondary-->tertiary-->Alveoli.

Question 26

What kind of pleura is in between the right and left lung

Answer 26

mediastinal pleura

Question 27

the part of the parietal pleura that is up against the rip cage is called

Answer 27

Costal pleura

Question 28

the coating right on the surface of the diaphragm is called

Answer 28

Diaphragmatic pleura

Question 29

what kind of pleura is located on the first rib and the lung can't expand to

Answer 29

Cupola pleura

Question 30

lungs can't expand to the ___________ recess pleura, that is located ___________, & ___________.

Answer 30

1) Costodiphragmatic Recess 2) Costal pleura 3) diaphragmatic pleura

Question 31

what is pleurisy

Answer 31

Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity.

Question 32

coelomic cavity is filled with _______, without it things will stick

Answer 32

fluid

Question 33

Pleura secretes ________ (for lubrication and to pull lungs when body wall moves).

Answer 33

coelomic fluid

Question 34

the painful chaffing between visceral and parietal pleura.

Answer 34

Pleurisy

Question 35

The __________ is the partition between the right and left pleura and the enclosed lungs.

Answer 35

“MEDIASTINUM”

Question 36

Smooth muscle can constrict or open ___________

Answer 36

respiratory tree

Question 37

what parasympathetic nerve controls constriction

Answer 37

VAGUS N. (X)

Question 38

Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in ____________ of sympathetic trunk.

Answer 38

thoracic region

Question 39

Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in thoracic region of sympathetic trunk. Then, they go up into the neck (cervical sympathetic trunk) and back down to lungs. WHY?

Answer 39

Lungs started out in the neck, and then moved down. The nerves were simply following! (VERY IMPORTANT)

Question 40

what sort of fibers cause the respiratory tree to open up

Answer 40

sympathetic fibers

Question 41

What sort of fibers cause the respiratory tree to constrict

Answer 41

parasympathetic (vagus)

Question 42

what are the sympathetic segments of the heart and lungs

Answer 42

T1-4

Question 43

_______ ________ attach to 1st & 2nd ribs, so when they contract, 1st and 2nd Ribs.

Answer 43

Scalene muscles

Question 44

Ribs move like ____________

Answer 44

bucket handles

Question 45

Each successive rib pulls on the next via _____________

Answer 45

intercostal muscles

Question 46

When ribs/bucket handles move up and out, VOLUME OF ____________________

Answer 46

THORACIC CAVITY INCREASES

Question 47

Intercostal muscles are __________ muscles

Answer 47

hypaxial

Question 48

All ________ muscles are hypaxial muscles

Answer 48

breathing

Question 49

A part of the __________ muscles becomes diaphragm

Answer 49

Scalene

Question 50

Scalenes are segmentally innervated

Answer 50

C 2 - 7

Question 51

Each successive rib pulls on the next via _____________

Answer 51

intercostal muscles.

Question 52

when volume OF THORACIC CAVITY increases

Answer 52

PRESSURE DECREASES ( and we suck)

Question 53

When PRESSURE DECREASES Air gets _________

Answer 53

SUCKED IN

Question 54

we can increase the volume of our thoracic cavities by contracting our ribs: __________ breathing __________ breathing

Answer 54

1) costal | 2) diaphragmic

Question 55

why can't babies costal breath?

Answer 55

because their ribs are not ossified yet, so they can only breath with their diaphragm.

Question 56

Inhalation can be increased by ________ the amplitude of movements

Answer 56

increasing

Question 57

____________ is facilitated by all the muscles of the ribcage, pressurizing coelom, and contracting limb muscles around the axial body wall.

Answer 57

Forced Exhalation

Question 58

forced exhalation causes bucket handles to move ________

Answer 58

down

Question 59

Pressurizing coelom (pushes diaphragm back up into dome-shape) ________ thoracic volume to push air out.

Answer 59

decreases

Question 60

Contracting limb muscles around the axial body wall can help ___________.

Answer 60

compress thoracic cavity.

Question 61

HUMANS BOTH ______ AND ______.

Answer 61

1) SUCK | 2) BLOW

Question 62

Normal Breathing is about __________ per breath.

Answer 62

half a liter

Question 63

Tidal volume is ________________

Answer 63

normal breathing at rest

Question 64

Inspiratory Reserve is _______________

Answer 64

the extra amount beyond normal

Question 65

Vital Capacity is ___________

Answer 65

the maximum you can inhale and exhale

Question 66

Residual volume is __________

Answer 66

what we can't exhale because we can't collapse our tubes out.

Question 67

Inspiratory reserve + | tidal volume = ___________

Answer 67

inspiratory capacity.

Question 68

the muscles that help you inhale are all ________

Answer 68

hypaxial muscles C2

Question 69

what is the innervation for Scalene muscles

Answer 69

C 2-7

Question 70

Breathing is “_________ behavior powered by ________ muscles.”

Answer 70

1) involuntary | 2) voluntary

Question 71

CO2 in blood dissociates into ___________

Answer 71

CARBONIC ACID.

Question 72

More carbonic acid means __________

Answer 72

lower pH.

Question 73

___________ at junction of internal and external carotid

Answer 73

CAROTID BODIES

Question 74

____________ on arch of aorta

Answer 74

AORTIC BODY

Question 75

______________&_____________Sense pH and communicate with medulla.

Answer 75

1) CAROTID BODIES 2) AORTIC BODY (both tells the base of the brain what we need)

Question 76

Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or increased blood pressure signals from carotid and aortic bodies. Carotid bodies and arotic body tell medullary rhymicity centers. Medullary rhymicity centers can then increase activity of apneustic area (deeper breathing.)

Answer 76

Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or increased blood pressure signals from carotid and aortic bodies. Carotid bodies and arotic body tell medullary rhymicity centers. Medullary rhymicity centers can then increase activity of apneustic area (deeper breathing.)

Question 77

what are the two sensory areas that helps to monitor blood PH for breathing

Answer 77

1) CAROTID BODIES | 2) AORTIC BODY

Question 78

Decreased CO2 is called _______________.

Answer 78

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

Question 79

Alveoli are ________, thin enough for gas to pass across.

Answer 79

Microscopic airsacs

Question 80

Each alveolus is surrounded by __________(deoxygenated blood from pulmonary artery, oxygenated blood returned via pulmonary vein).

Answer 80

capillary plexus

Question 81

oxygen is picked up by __________

Answer 81

hemoglobin

Question 82

hemoglobin takes blood from __________ concentration to __________ concentration.

Answer 82

1) high | 2) low

Question 83

Alveolar and capillary membranes are extremely _____

Answer 83

thin

Question 84

Specialized cells of alveolar lining secrete _______ chemicals.

Answer 84

Surfactant

Question 85

Surfactants reduce “___________” and prevent fluid from beading up on alveolar surface.

Answer 85

surface tension

Question 86

Surfactants Prevents the alveoli from ________ due to concentrated fluid weight.

Answer 86

collapsing

Question 87

Thinner layer of fluid makes gas ______ easier.

Answer 87

diffusion

Question 88

Alveoli contain lots of phagocytic cells that are called ______________

Answer 88

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

Question 89

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES Ingest and destroy microorganisms and other _________ (from breathing them in…)

Answer 89

foreign substances

Question 90

________ can transport small bits of foreign material and mucous back up.

Answer 90

Cilia