Anatomy Flashcards
(531 cards)
1
Q
The thoracic artery supplies the _______ parts of the intercostal spaces, supplying the skin, _____, muscles, _____ and _______ pleura of the intercostal space
A
anterior, fascia, bone, parietal
2
Q
where do the cephalic and basilic vein arise from?
A
the dorsal venous network
3
Q
Nerve roots of posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
A
S1-S3
4
Q
innervation of the lateral 2 lumbricals
A
median nerve
5
Q
what other veins are found around the eye apart from the Central retinal vein?
A
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
6
Q
where does the cephalic vein drain
A
the axillary vein
7
Q
The superior half of the oral cavity is innervated by which CN?
A
CN V2 - trigeminal maxillary branch
8
Q
There are two nervous supplies to the GI tract - intrinsic and extrinsic - the extrinsic is the…
A
autonomic nervous system
9
Q
13 pairs of intercostal spaces - true or false?
A
false - 11 pairs
10
Q
Parts of the thoracic skeleton (6)
A
12 pairs ribsintercostal spacescostal margin12 thoracic vertebraeclavicle and scapulasternum
11
Q
the submucosal plexus
A
epithelia and blood vessels
12
Q
The phrenic nerves supply what sort of axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
A
somatic sensory and sympathetic
13
Q
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
A
hinge joint
14
Q
What is the philtrum?
A
the dip in the upper lip
15
Q
L2,3,4
A
Femoral nerve (ant. compartment), obturator nerve (med compartment), of the thigh
16
Q
where does the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?
A
parotid lymph nodes
17
Q
Why should adrenaline-containing local anaesthetic not be given near end arteries?
A
will cause vasoconstriction and thus occlusion to the only blood supply to that area.
18
Q
pouch separating the uterus and the bladder
A
uterovesical pouch
19
Q
Bone which contains the optic canal
A
sphenoid
20
Q
The left kidney lies at vertebral levels
A
T12-L2
21
Q
Where is the adenoid tonsil?
A
in the nasopharynx
22
Q
Dominant nervous supply in the production of saliva?
A
parasympathetic
23
Q
where does the small saphenous vein drain and when?
A
popliteal vein posterior to the knee
24
Q
A synovial joint is…
A
a fibrous joint
25
The ulnar nerve originates from which spinal roots?
C8-T1 (some C7)
26
Sympathetic salivary secretion is stimulated by which receptors?
a and b1-adrenoceptors
27
Nerve supply to the medial compartment of the thigh
Obturator nerve - L2,3,4
28
Function of CN V2 ?
sensory
29
CNs involved in the gag reflex?
CN IX and X provide motor response, sensory info initially comes from CN IX
30
a patient with a ureteric obstruction will experience _____ pain due to the peristalsis
colicky
31
nodes found along the basilic lymphatics...
cubital lymph nodes and lateral axillary lymph nodes
32
The muscles of mastication are supplied by which cranial nerve?
CN V3 - mandibular branch of the trigeminal
33
the posterior third of the tongue is supplied by which CN?
CN IX - glossopharyngeal, taste and general sensations
34
the femoral artery pulse is felt...
inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
35
4 Rotator cuff muscles
S - supraspinatous, I- infraspinatous, T - teres minor, S - subscapularis (anterior)
36
Deep fascia of the lower limb (3)
fascia lata (thigh), iliotibial tract, crural fascia (leg)
37
action of the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region
extensors, abductors and medial rotators
38
3 parts of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
39
Where does the cranial surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?
mastoid lymph nodes (deep and cervical)
40
the ureteric arterial supply is branches from...(5)
renal artery, abdominal aorta, the common iliac artery, the internal iliac artery, the bladder artery
41
the spongy urethra is transmitted through?
the corpus spongiosum
42
Upper respiratory tract consists of... (4)
R and L nasal cavitiesOral cavitynaso, oro, laryngopharynxlarynx
43
innervation of the medial 2 lumbricals
ulnar nerve
44
The lateral cord forms...
the musculocutaneous and median nerve
45
what is renal failure?
failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine
46
Precipitating factor in H.pylori infection
increased salt intake
47
What does the ethmoid bone contribute to in the roof of the nose?
the cribiform plate and the crista galli (the anterior cranial fossa)
48
Lesser omentum attaches to...
the lesser curvature of the stomach, duodenum and the liver
49
3 pairs of salivary glands
parotids, submandibular, sublingual
50
Foregut includes which organs?
oesophagus to mid-duodenum, liver, gallbladder, 1/2 pancreas, spleen
51
where does the great saphenous vein drain into and when?
the femoral vein in the femoral triangle
52
2 muscles in lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
53
Where does the facial nerve travel through the base of the skull?
the petrous temporal bone
54
Function of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment
flexion of the wrist and digits, PRONATION, abduction/adduction of the wrist
55
Insertion of the diaphragm
central tendon - aponeurosis
56
3 muscles in superficial posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius (big fat one), soleus (under gastro), plantaris - thin one hiding behind
57
where does the great saphenous vein travel?
medially
58
S1-S3
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
59
causes of reduced arterial perfusion pressure
LVF, arterial bleed, arterial rupture (aneurysm), occlusion of the lumen, arterial spasm, external occlusion of the artery
60
sEfferent Nerves involved in swallowing
VII, IX, X and XI
61
Where does the end of the spinal cord occur?
L1/2
62
where do axillary lymph nodes drain?
subclavian lymphatics
63
Alternative name for rectus femoris
quadriceps femoris
64
the gluteus medius and minimus act to...
abduct and medially rotate the thigh
65
The visceral pleura is the part which attaches to the...
lung
66
the inferior aspect of the prostate is in contact with...
levator ani
67
Which divisions go on to form the posterior cord?
the posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks
68
within the scrotum, what does the testicle sit within?
the tunica vaginalis
69
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?
hypoglossal canal - travels alongside carotid sheath to the level of lingual artery
70
Which divisions go on to form the lateral cord?
the anterior divisions of superior and middle trunks
71
The hypothenar eminence is innervated by...
deep branch of the ulnar nerve
72
where does the small saphenous vein arise from?
the dorsal venous arch
73
4 main muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus (big one), Styloglossus (most posterior), Palatoglossus (ant. to styloglossus), Hyoglossus (attaches hyoid)
74
3 sites of ureteric constriction
pelviureteric junction, ureter, ureteric orifice (opening into bladder)
75
function of the posterior compartment of the thigh
extensors of the thigh, flexors of the leg
76
Which foramen does CN V3 arise?
the foramen ovale
77
the pudendal nerve is from spinal nerve roots?
S2-S4
78
4 layers of the digestive tract wall
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
79
The radial nerve originates from which spinal roots?
C5-T1
80
Main electrolytes in saliva
Na, K, HCO3, Cl, Ca, I, PO4
81
parts of the colon (6)
caecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
82
The ____ \_\_\_\_\_ is within the perineum
distal urethra
83
ribs 11 and 12
floating ribs with no attachment to sternum
84
oesophageal plexus is composed of which nerves?
CN X and sympathetic fibres.
85
Contents of the carpal tunnel (4)
flexor digitorum superficialis (4), flexor digitorum profundus (4), flexor pollicis longus, median nerve
86
Bones of the palate?
two maxillary bones, two palatine
87
Lacrimal gland is controlled by which cranial nerve?
CN VII
88
The muscles of the tongue are innervated by...
CN XII - hypoglossal
89
Stimulation by sympathetic nervous system produces what sort of saliva?
thick mucousy, small volume
90
Which nerves are contained within the temporal bone?
Facial nerve, vestibulocochlear
91
the ureter normally travels ____ to the IVC
anterior
92
The false ribs are ribs 8-10 - true or false
true
93
Action of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg
plantar flexors of the ankle
94
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, popliteus
95
accessory structures of the GI tract (4)
salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver and gall bladder
96
lymph nodes from small saphenous vein
popliteal nodes -\> deep inguinal nodes -\> external iliac nodes
97
electrical waves (\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_) pass spontaneously through the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine
slow waves
98
Innervation of the deep gluteal region
sacral plexus
99
the prostate gland lies _____ to the bladder.
inferior
100
Where does the facial nerve sensory supply?
sphenoid sinus, nasal mucosa, soft palate
101
Where does the eustachian tube open?
in the nasopharynx
102
Inferior bone of the nasal cavity
the vomer
103
What direction should you pull the auricle when examining a child?
posterioinferiorly
104
Where are floaters commonly found?
the vitreous humour in the posterior
105
The pharynx is innervated by CN?
CN X
106
the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh is from spinal nerve roots?
S1 - S3
107
external urethral sphincter is present in both males and female - TRUE/FALSE
True
108
where do the testes originate?
the posterior abdomen
109
What is a cataract?
a clouding of the lens
110
kidney stones are...
renal calculi
111
in the male, the detrusor muscle fibres also forms...
the internal urethral sphincter
112
3 ligaments of the hip joint
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
113
Contraction of the circular muscle causes the lumen to become...
narrower and longer
114
Name the bones of the hand
Scaphoid, Lunnate, Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hammate (with the hook) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
115
Where do the abdominosplanchnic nerves synapse
prevertebral ganglia anterior to the aorta, part of periarterial plexus
116
Openings in the diaphragm
caval opening (IVC)aortic hiatusoesophageal hiatus
117
What percentage of the humeral head is held in the glenoid fossa?
1/3rd
118
The foregut is supplied by nerves from which vertebrae?
T6-9
119
vesical arteries supply the...
bladder
120
Which roots form the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?
C7
121
the phrenic nerves are found in the chest descending over the ______ aspects of the heart
lateral
122
CN V3 sensory supplies...?(5)
the TMJ, the muscles of mastication, the teeth, parotid and submandibular gland, anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
123
4 activities of the digestive tract
motility, secretion, digestion, absorption
124
the internal pudendal artery is supplied by...
the internal iliac
125
torsion of the testes is...
twisting of the spermatic cord and disruption of the blood supply to the testes.
126
which muscle of mastication is the strongest and has the largest attachment?
masseter - attaches the angle of the mandible and the zygomatic arch
127
Where is the external ear?
from the auricle to tympanic membrane
128
Where is the anterior segment of the eye?
in front of the lens
129
There are two nervous supplies to the GI tract - intrinsic and extrinsic - the intrinsic is...
the enteric nervous system
130
The enterochromaffin cells produce which gastric secretion?
histamine
131
5major motility patterns within the GI tract
peristalisis, segmentation, colonic mass movement, migrating motor complex, tonic contracions
132
common location of prostatic cancer?
peripheral zone
133
Dominant salivary gland
submandibular
134
What are the functions of the chest walls? (3)
protect the heart and lungsmake the movements of breathingbreast tissue - lactation
135
contents of the spermatic cord (6)
testicular artery and vein (panpiniform plexus), the vas deferens, lymphatic vessels, nerves and somatic muscle
136
What secondary modification occurs to saliva?
Na and Cl out, K and HCO3 down
137
what level do the ureters enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?
the ischial spine
138
What is the order of cells in the retina from posterior to anterior? (3)
the photoreceptors --\> ganglion cells --\> axons --\> arteries and veins
139
Function of the anterior compartment of the arm
flexion of the arm and forearm
140
The phrenic nerves supply somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the ______ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
141
Innervation of the anterior compartment of the arm?
musculocutaneous nerve
142
nerve supply to internal tympanic membrane
CN IX
143
the myenteric plexus mediates
motility and sphincters
144
which muscle does the sciatic nerve exit inferior to?
piriformis
145
serous demilunes of the acinus secrete?
lysozyme
146
What muscles are contained within the anterior compartment of the arm?
biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
147
Each intercostal space carries a neurovascular bundle between the ______ and _______ muscle layers
internal and innermost
148
The sublingual gland is supplied by which cranial nerve?
CN VII
149
3 types of epithelium in the nasal cavities?
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium; respiratory epithelium; olfactory mucosa
150
the diaphragm has a \_\_- shaped tendon
U
151
Which pouch(es) are formed in the male at the pelvic edge of the peritoneum?
retrovesicle
152
Sympathetic nerves supplying the GI Tract
Abdominosplanchnic nerves - T5 - L2
153
Origins of the diaphragm
deep surfaces of 1. xiphoid process2. costal cartilages and lower ribs3. L1-3 vertebrae
154
duodenal factors tend to increase/decrease gastric emptying
decrease
155
Which roots form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
C5-C6
156
Bone with the infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
157
Where does the lung bud originate from?
the mediastinum
158
Muscle(s) within the posterior compartment of the arm?
triceps brachii
159
migrating motor complex is...
powerful sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum
160
Humour within the anterior chamber ?
aqueous
161
Function of the triceps brachii
extension of the arm and forearm
162
origins of rectus abdominus
costal cartilagexiphoid process
163
peristalsis is...
a wave of relaxation, followed by contraction that normally goes in the aboral direction
164
Insertion of rectus abdominus
pubic bones
165
Innervation of levator scapulae
Dorsal scapular nerve
166
skin tension lines are also known as...
Langer lines
167
Which rotator cuff muscle(s) attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
Supraspinatous, Infraspinatous, Teres minor
168
deep fascia of the upper limb (4)
pectoral fascia, deltoid fascia, bracial fascia, antebrachial fascia
169
causes of increases venous drainage pressure
RVF, DVT, external compression
170
nodes along the cephalic lymphatics
apical axillary lymph nodes
171
Where is the eventual pathway of all the auricular lymphatic drainage?
deep cervical nodes --\> thoracic duct or R. lymphatic duct --\> venous angle
172
3 layers of skeletal muscles between ribs and intercostal spaces?
externalinternalinnermost
173
The musculocutaneous nerve originates from which spinal roots?
C5-C6
174
The midgut is supplied by nerves from which vertebrae?
T8-T12
175
Which hormones may delay gastric emptying?
CCK and Secretin
176
The greater omentum has how many layers?
4
177
Which ribs lie posterior to the kidneys?
floating ribs, 11 and 12
178
4 layers of the retroperitoneum before the renal capsule
visceral peritoneum, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat
179
foramen for CN IX
jugular foramen
180
muscles in the superficial gluteal region (4)
all gluteals, tensor fascia lata
181
Method for differentiating radius and ulna
Radius has a round, flat head
182
The ankle jerk reflex tests...
S1/S2
183
4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
184
Intraperitoneal organs
liver, stomach, almost all small intestine, transverse colon, spleen, gallbladder
185
Which CN supply 3 out of 4 muscles of the tongue?
CN XII - hypoglossal
186
Innervation of rhomboid minor and rhomboid major
Dorsal scapular nerve
187
Sphincters of the GI Tract (6)
upper and lower oesophageal, pyloric, ileocaecal, internal and external anal sphincters
188
Where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain?
anterior into the facial vein, posteriorly into the cavernous sinus
189
What is the umbo?
the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
190
number of bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
10
191
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
plane joint
192
the thoracic arteries and veins course (vertically/horizontally) either side of the deep surface of the sternum
vertically
193
CN V3 is what type of function i.e. sensory or motor?
sensory and motor
194
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply sensory innervation? [ENT]
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, nasopharynx, oropharynx, tonsils
195
Lactoferrin in saliva provides what function?
chelates iron to limit availability to bacteria
196
What are the auditory ossicles?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes(Think I MISheard that)
197
number of lobar bronchi
5
198
the pudendal nerve travels through the greater/lesser sciatic foramen to the perineum
Lesser
199
How are the true ribs identified?
they attach via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
200
The muscular attachments of the diaphragm are...(3)
the sternum (lower body)the lower six ribs (7-12)L1-3 vertebral bodies
201
What additional function does biceps brachii also have in addition to flexion of the arm and forearm?
supination of the forearm
202
Pathway from nephrons to ureter
collecting duct--\> minor calyx --\> major calyx --\> renal pelvis --\> ureter
203
The foramen for CN V2
foramen rotundum
204
Origins of internal oblique
inferior aspect of ribsiliac crestthoracolumbar fascia
205
where does the great saphenous vein arise from?
dorsal venous arch
206
Deep to the gluteal muscles is the...
piriformis
207
What is the pterion
the H-shaped sutures between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone which is the thinnest part of the skull
208
How are the false ribs identified?
attach via a common cartilaginous bar
209
3 openings in the diaphragm to allow which three things to pass through?
aorta, IVC, oesophagus
210
3 layers of the eye
fibrous, uvea, retina
211
Which parts of the LRT are located in the lungs?
lobar bronchi --\> alveoli
212
Origin of the thoracic artery (internal mammary)
branch off the subclavian artery
213
Function of Gastrin
Stimulates enterochromaffin cells to produce histamine which increases HCl secretion; stimulates CCK2 receptors on parietal cells to produce HCl
214
gluteus maximus attaches to which bones?
iliac crest, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament, coccyx - proximal, iliotibial tract distally
215
What is the ala of the nose?
the side of the nostrils
216
deep fascia is...
tough, dense connective tissue that is usually white. divides limbs into compartments
217
low pressure tonic contractions are within
organs with storage function
218
Function of the lateral compartment of the leg
evert the foot and weakly plantarflex ankle
219
Deep veins of the lower limb (7)
femoral, deep femoral, popliteal, fibular, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, plantar arch
220
What does the ethmoid bone contribute to in the lateral wall of the nose?
the superior and middle conchae, ethmoid air cells and orbital plate of the ethmoid
221
the deep muscle layer acts to allow the hip to...
externally, laterally rotate the lower limb at the hip joint
222
where is the epididymis palpated?
the posterior aspect of the testis
223
Afferent Nerves involved in swallowing
CN X and IX --\> Pons and medulla
224
Nerve supply to abdominal muscles
thoracoabdominal nerves
225
the vas deferens passes anteriorly/posteriorly to the bladder
posteriorly
226
What is contained in the middle ear?
the eustachian tube
227
the three erectile tissue cylinder are?
2 R and L corpus cavernosum, the corpus spongiosum
228
Function of CN IX?
sensory and motor - tongue
229
corpus spongiosum is...
the anterior cylinder of the erectile tissue which transmits the urethra
230
What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
ball and socket joint
231
the lymph from the kidneys drains to...
the lumbar nodes (around the abdominal aorta and IVC)
232
the brachial artery pulse is felt
medial to the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa
233
During development the lung bud penetrates the pleural cavity - true or false?
falsethe lung bud pushes against but never enters the pleural cavity
234
The anterior blood supply to the intercostal spaces comes from...
the internal thoracic arteries and veins
235
the parietal cells produce which gastric secretion?
HCl and Intrinsic factor
236
synovial joint in the resp. area?
sternocostal joint
237
the ureter has ____ \_\_\_ which tries to increase peristalsis in an attempt to clear an obstruction
smooth muscle
238
Cholinergic activation of M3 receptors in the stomach cause?
increases proton pumps at the apical membrane --\> HCl
239
What happens at the level of C6 vertebrae?
larynx becomes tracheapharynx becomes oesophagus
240
pelvic floor muscle...
levator ani
241
level at which a lumbar puncture is done?
L3/4
242
What is the role of the middle ear?
amplify and conduct the sound waves to the internal ear
243
Where are somatic motor axons supplied to by phrenic nerves?
diaphragm
244
Deep veins of the upper limb (7)
superficial and deep palmer venous arches, radial, ulnar, brachial, axillary, subclavian
245
2 parts to the fibrous layer of the eye
sclera, cornea
246
the lymph from the ureters drains to...
the lumbar and iliac nodes)
247
Innervation of lateral compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve - L5, S1, S2
248
aortic hiatus
thoracic aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct
249
What is the fundus?
the posterior area where light is focussed
250
the cephalic vein runs...
laterally
251
the popliteal pulse is felt...
in the popliteal fossa
252
The kidneys are within the _______ peritoneum
retro
253
Action of the deep posterior compartment of the leg
flexors of toes and plantar flexors of the ankle
254
Where is the internal ear?
the oval window to the internal acoustic meatus
255
Innervation of the serratus anterior muscle
long thoracic nerve
256
the phrenic nerve originates from...
Cervical vertebra 3,4,5 anterior rami
257
Which salivary glands does CN VII supply?
submandibular and sublingual - chorda tympani
258
Origins of transversus abdominus
deep aspect of ribsiliac crestthoracolumbar fascia
259
What is contained within the serosa?
connective tissue
260
The neck of the femur is supplied by which arteries
the lateral and medial circumflex arteries
261
where does the cephallic vein dive deep?
the deltopectoral groove
262
Deep muscle group in the gluteal region produce what action?
lateral rotators of the thigh, hip stabilisers
263
3 types of stimuli in the GI tract determining basal electrical rhythm
neuronal, hormonal, mechanical
264
The _____ ureters, ______ and proximal _____ are within the pelvis
The distal ureters, bladder and proximal urethra are within the pelvis
265
L4-S3 is...
sciatic nerve
266
the phrenic nerves are found on the anterior surface of _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the neck
scalenus muscle
267
where do external iliac lymph nodes drain?
common iliac nodes and lumbar lymphatics
268
superficial fascia is...
loose connective tissue and fat varying in depth
269
Innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris
Ulnar nerve
270
Origin of external oblique
superficial aspect of ribsiliac crestpubic tubercle
271
Which anatomical regions are the kidneys found?
the right and left lumbar 'flank' regions
272
muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh (4)
pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps femoris
273
Muscle in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
flexor digitorum superficialis
274
lymph from the scrotum and the majority of the penis (not glans) drains to...
the superficial inguinal nodes in the superficial fascia of the groin
275
costovertebral joints are found anteriorly - true or false?
falsethey are found posteriorly - rib articulation with vertebrae
276
Innervation of flexor digtorum superficialis (2)
medial half - ulnar nerve; lateral half - median nerve
277
The posterior blood supply to the intercostal spaces come from...
arterial - thoracic aortavenous - azygous vein
278
Which rotator cuff muscle(s) attach to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus?
Subscapularis
279
An upper UTI involves....
may involve the kidneys
280
Where does the iliotibial tract run?
from ASIS to the lateral tibial condyle at the Gerdy tubercle
281
Muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm (6) Medial to lateral
Aconeus, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor digiti minimi, Extensor digitorum, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor carpi radialis longus
282
Muscles within the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm (3)
pronator quadratus, flexor pollicus longus, flexor digitorum profundus
283
General sensory supply to the anterior tongue is from...
CN V3 - mandibular branch of trigeminal - foramen rotundum
284
Action of the anterior compartment of the leg
dorsiflexors of the ankle and extensors of the toes
285
Where does the footplate of the stapes attach
the oval window
286
Nerve supple of the anterior compartment of the thigh
femoral nerve
287
Innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris
Ulnar nerve
288
Which bone contains the oragns of hearing and balance ?
Temporal bone
289
Why is the retina the blind spot?
there are no photoreceptors on the optic disc
290
When looking anteriorly, the renal vein/artery, sits anteriorly?
When looking anteriorly, the renal vein sits anteriorly
291
lypmh from the testis drains to...
the lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta
292
What is the function of the dorsal interossei?
abduction of the digits from the middle finger (DAB - dorsal ABduction)
293
the superior gluteal nerve is supplied by...?
L5, S1, S2
294
Where are the lateral and medial circumflex arteries for the femoral neck from?
the femoral artery
295
Levator palpebrae superioris is opened by which cranial nerve
CN III
296
Type of cartilage around the external ear?
elastic cartilage
297
Name the three trunks of the brachial plexus
Superior, middle, inferior
298
Where does the lingual artery originate?
external carotid
299
Superficial/Deep veins are more anatomically predictable
deep veins
300
the nerve supply comes from the ______ ramus of the spinal nerve
anterior
301
the vesical arteries are branches of...
the internal iliac
302
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (3)
external oblique, internal ooblique, transversus abdominus
303
What does the ethmoid bone contribute to in the nose? (3)
the roof, the lateral walls and the septum
304
Sciatic nerve is from
L4-S3
305
the short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by...
the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
306
The hindgut is supplied by nerves from which vertebrae?
T10 - L2
307
the common iliac arteries are ____ to the common iliac veins
anterior
308
Which roots form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
C8-T1
309
What is contained within the muscularis externa?
circular muscle layer, nerve network (myenteric plexus), longitudinal muscle layer
310
Where does the oesophagus terminate?
the cardia of the stomach
311
Which divisions go on to form the medial cord?
the anterior division of the inferior trunk
312
Salivary glands are divided into salivons. What are the parts of a salivon?
secretory acinus, intercalated duct, striated duct, interlobar ducts and excretory ducts
313
HCl is produced by which cells?
parietal
314
The hindgut includes which organs?
distal 1/3rd of transverse colon --\> proximal 1/2 of anal canal
315
what vein in the arm do 20% of people have?
median vein of the forearm which splits to give median cephalic and median basilic vein
316
Where are the kidney nephrons found?
the renal pyramid (around 50,000 per pyramid)
317
describe hydronephrosis
urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons leading to renal failure
318
Where is the blood supply to the tongue from?
lingual artery
319
What is contained within the mucosa?
epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine gland cells, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
320
Where do the muscles of the pharynx insert?
into the midline raphe
321
4 muscles of the tongue?
palatoglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
322
Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?
the skin over the posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and medial thigh.
323
Innervation of pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus
Median nerve
324
Which receptors are stimulated in the production of saliva by the PS nervous system?
M1 and M3
325
Superficial/Deep veins tend to occur in NVBs
deep veins
326
innervation of the interossei?
ulnar nerve
327
high pressure tonic contractions are...
sphincters
328
The parietal pleura is the part which attaches to the....
chest wall
329
The omental foramen contains...
the portal triad, the communication between the greater and lesser omental sacs
330
What does the eustachian tube connect?
tympanic cavity to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
331
What is the iliotibial tract also known as?
fascia lata
332
Humour within the posterior chamber in the eye?
aqueous
333
Swallowing centre of the brain
pons and medulla
334
where are interstitial cells of cajal?
between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, also in the submucosa
335
Nerve supply to the auricle of the ear (4)
C2,3 spinal nerve (most of auricle); CN VII (dotted around the opening); CN X (the inferior part of the external acoustic meatus + some tympanic membrane); CN V3 (the superior part of the external acoustic meatus + most of tympanic membrane)
336
Mnemonic for remembering the order of the brachial plexus breakdown
Really Tired Drink Coffee Now - Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Nerves
337
The thenar eminence is innervateed by...
the recurrent branch of the median nerve
338
Where does secondary modification of the saliva occur?
the duct cells
339
L2,3,4
femoral nerve - anterior compartment of the thigh, OR obturator nerve - medial compartment of the thigh
340
Salivary glands are Endocrine/exocrine
exocrine
341
Innervation of pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus
Median nerve
342
Muscles of mastication (4)
temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
343
Contraction of longitudinal muscle contraction causes the lumen to become...
shorter and fatter
344
muscle next to the vertebrae behind the kidney
psoas major
345
Pyloric gland area secretes which gastric factors?
Somatostatin and Gastrin
346
why is the right dome of the diaphragm generally more superior?
due to the presence of liver in RUQ
347
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh (3)
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
348
What should appear on the tympanic membrane when examining with an otoscope?
a cone of light - anteroinferiorly
349
Superior bone of the nasal cavity
the ethmoid
350
Primary nerve supply to external tympanic membrane
CN V3
351
What is the thin part of the tympanic membrane called?
pars flaccida
352
Retroperitoneal organs
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ascending and descending colon
353
How do the testes move from the posterior abdomen?
through the inguinal canal to the scrotum
354
Muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm (5) Proximal to Distal
Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indices
355
structure that prevents aspiration of food
Epiglottis
356
what does the costal groove of the rib contain?
artery, nerve and vein
357
Mid gut includes which organs?
mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon and half the pancreas
358
the inferior gluteal nerve is supplied by...?
L5, S1, S2
359
the posterior tibial pulse is felt...
between the posterior border of the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon
360
nerve that controls the diaphragm
phrenic
361
Which cords form the median nerve?
the medial and lateral cords
362
innervation of the posterior compartment of the forearm
radial nerve
363
Nerve supply of the intercostal muscles
intercostal nerves from the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
364
the right kidney is posterior to... (4)
liver, hepatorenal recess, 2nd part of the duodenum, ascending colon right colic flexure
365
What nerve supplies the laryngopharynx?
CN X
366
The diaphragm is an example of ______ muscle
skeletal
367
Where is the upper oesophageal sphincter found?
C6 - cricopharyngeus
368
What most commonly causes ascites?
cirrhosis and portal hypertension
369
where do most venous ulcers occur?
in the medial aspect of the distal leg, the gaiter area
370
Path of the tears across the eye
Angular wash from the superior temporal area to the inferior nasal area, drain into puncta, lacrimal sac and then the nasolacrimal duct
371
Proton pumps are stored within tubulovesicles and which are stimulated to go to the membrane by...
PKAs via M3, CCK2, H2 receptors
372
Three gluteal muscles
maximus, medius, minimus
373
What does the fundus include?
the optic disc, the macula and the fovea
374
function of pudendal nerve?
keeps the pelvis off the floor
375
Where do the gluteus medius and minimus attach?
external, posterior, gluteal aspect of the ilium and anterolateral aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur.
376
The medial cord forms...
the ulnar and median nerve
377
The median nerve originates from which spinal roots?
C5-T1
378
what pump aids venous movement back to the heart from the legs
the musculovenous pump
379
The chief cells produce which gastric secretion?
pepsinogen
380
where does the axillary vein become the subclavian
lateral border of rib 1
381
nerve supply of the eustachian tube?
CN IX
382
Innvervation of the trapezius muscle
CN XI - spinal accessory nerve
383
What is contained within the submucosa?
connective tissue, larger blood and lymph vessels, glands, nerve networks
384
Cholinergic activation of M1 receptors in the stomach cause?
activation of enterochromaffin cells to produce Histamine -\> H2 receptors on parietal cells -\> HCl secretion
385
Muscles of the deep muscle group of the thigh (4)
piriformis, gemeli, quadrator femoris, obturator internis
386
From which rami does the brachial plexus originate?
C5-T1
387
What produces the aqueous humour?
the ciliary body
388
Clinical application of the thoracic artery
can be mobilised from its attachment, sectioned inferiorly and anastomosed to a coronary artery distal to an occlusion. Coronary artery bypass grafting
389
The isthmus of the thyroid gland is anterior to tracheal cartilages \_\_\_\_\_
2 -4
390
Influences which may delay gastric emptying from the duodenum
fat, acid, hypertonicity, distension
391
Different parts of the alimentary canal (6)
mouth and oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
392
Alongside the optic artery, what is also within the optic nerve?
the central retinal vein
393
Each bronchopulmonary segment has its own nerve and blood supply - true or false?
true
394
The parotid gland is innervated by which CN?
CN IX
395
innervation of pronator quadratus, flexor pollicus longus and flexor digitorum profundus
median nerve
396
Where does the sciatic nerve supply?
the poterior thigh and all the leg and foot muscles. forms tibial and common fibular nerves
397
blood supply to the penis is via the ____ arteirs of the penis
deep
398
the radial artery pulse is felt...
lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis
399
Innervation of the triceps brachii
Radial nerve
400
The parotid gland is supplied by which cranial nerve
CN IX
401
deep lymphatics of the upper limb drain...
into lateral axillary lymph nodes
402
Femoral nerve is supplied by nerve roots
L2,3,4
403
What direction should you pull the auricle when examining an adult?
posterosuperiorly
404
7 bones that make up the orbit
Frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal
405
The left kidney is posterior to...(4)
the stomach, tail of the pancreas, the hilum of the spleen, the splenic vessels
406
main muscle of breathing
diaphragm
407
Gastrin is produced by which cells in the pyloric gland area?
G cells
408
the Sciatic nerve is from spinal nerve roots?
L4 - S3
409
Where is the aqueous humour reabsorbed?
the canal of schlemm at the iridocorneal angle
410
Innervation of the triceps brachii
Radial Nerve
411
extensor of the leg in the anterior compartment of the thigh
quadriceps femoris
412
ejaculatory duct joins the ____ urethra within the \_\_\_\_\_
prostatic urethra, prostate
413
The oxyntic mucosa is found where in the stomach?
fundus and body of the stomach
414
the sciatic nerve supplies the gluteal region - TRUE/FALSE
FALSE it serves nothing in the gluteal region
415
The submandibular gland is supplied by which cranial nerve?
CN VII
416
The chest cavity consists of the mediastinum and the R and L pleural cavities - true or false?
true
417
Where is the posterior chamber of the eye?
the iris and the suspensory ligaments
418
A lower UTI involves...
the urethra and bladder
419
the blood supply to the scrotum is from...
the internal pudendal and branches of the external iliac artery
420
Regions of the lower limb
gluteal, femoral, knee, leg, ankle, foot
421
Parts of the sternum (4)
manubriumbodyxiphoidsternal angle
422
Where is the middle ear?
the tympanic membrane to the oval window
423
where does the small saphenous vein travel?
posterior midline of the leg
424
The lower urinary tract includes (2)
the urethra and bladder
425
Layers of the chest wall (5)
skinfasciaskeletal musclebones/jointsparietal pleura
426
What side should a patient be on for a lumbar puncture?
left
427
Special sensory supply to the anterior tongue is from...
CN VII - facial
428
two plexus in the enteric nervous system?
myenteric plexus, submucous plexus
429
Supply of the vagus nerve?
supraglottic larynx, laryngeal and lingual surfaces of the larynx,
430
The right kidney lies at vertebral levels...
L1-L3
431
Muscles contained within the anterior compartment (superficial layer) of the forearm (4)
Pronator teres (lateral), Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (medial) - PFPF
432
What course does the facial nerve take out of the cranial cavity?
internal acousitc meatus and stylomastoid process
433
the first constriction in urine drainage occurs at...
the pelvicureteric junction
434
What composes the ear canal?
skin, cartilage, bone
435
the greater omentum attaches to...
the greater curvature of the stomach
436
Innervation of the anterior compartment of the arm?
musculocutaneous nerve
437
What is intrinsic factor required for?
binds Vit B12 allowing it to be absorbed in the terminal ileum
438
Somatostatin is produced by which cells in the pyloric gland area?
D cells
439
Where is the artery to the head of femur a branch of?
it is a branch of the obturator artery
440
3 layers to the Uvea
Iris, ciliary body, chorodi
441
colonic mass movement is...
powerful sweeping contraction that forces faeces into the rectum
442
Sensory (general and special) supply to the posterior tongue is from...
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
443
Which cells drive the slow wave activity of the gut?
interstitial cells of cajal
444
What is properly posterior to the tympanic membrane?
tympanic cavity
445
segmentation is...
mixing and churning movements - rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer
446
innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg
tibial nerve L4-S3
447
External layer of the eyelid
Orbicularis oculi, orbital and palpebral parts
448
The anterior 2/3rds of the tongue is supplied by which nerves?
CN IX and CN V3.CN IX allows for taste.CN V3 allows for general sensation
449
What is the fovea?
the centre of the macula and area of most acute vision
450
What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae?
the tubercle
451
sympathetics for the adrenal glands leave where?
T10 - L1
452
posterior abdominal wall muscle aka...
left quadrantus lumborum
453
supplies the taste buds on the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
chorda tympani of CN VII
454
What does the pleural surface tension ensure?
the lungs move with the pleural fluid and thus inflate
455
Function of the anterior compartment of the thigh
flexors of the thigh, extensors of the leg
456
Which pouch(es) are formed in the female at the pelvic edge of the peritoneum?
vesico-uterine, recto-uterine (pouch of douglas)
457
3 parts of large intestine
caecum, appendix, colon
458
Which gluteal muscle is most superficial?
maximus
459
Which salivary glands does CN IX supply?
Parotid gland - via the otic ganglion
460
incompetent venous valves result in...
varicose veins
461
L5, S1, S2 - posterior compartment of the thigh
tibial division of sciatic nerve
462
The kidneys lie _____ to quadratus lumborum and lateral to _____ \_\_\_\_\_
The kidneys lie anterior to quadratus lumborum and lateral to psoas major
463
What plane should be identified for lumbar puncture?
iliac crests - line between them
464
nerve supply to gluteus medius and minimus is...
superior gluteal nerve
465
Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled by...
gap junctions
466
PGE2 receptors cause a(n) increase/decrease in HCl secretion
decrease
467
The upper urinary tract includes (2)
the kidneys, the ureters
468
the gluteus maximus muscle is supplied by which nerve?
inferior gluteal nerve
469
function of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thing?
sensory and sympathetic fibres
470
Adductors of the thigh (med. compartment ) (5)
gracilis (long thin one), adductor - longus, brevis, magnus; obturator externus
471
insertion of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles
aponeurosis to linea albal
472
What connects the cephalic and basilic veins in the majority of people?
median cubital vein
473
What about salivary duct cells allows the diluting effect?
impermeable to H20
474
superficial lymphatics in the upper limb arise from...
plexuses in the fingers and hangs
475
Function of the medial compartment of the thigh
adduct the thigh
476
lymph nodes along great saphenous vein
superficial inguinal, external illiac or deep inguinal
477
Parasympathetic innervation of the GI Tract?
CN X, pelvic splanchnic nerves S2,3,4
478
Where does the rest of the auricle drain?
the superficial lymph nodes
479
The true ribs are ribs 1-8 - true or false?
falsethe true ribs are ribs 1-7
480
Lower respiratory tract consists of...(6)
tracheaR and L main bronchilobar bronchisegmental bronchibronchiolesalveoli
481
the dorsal pedis pulse is felt...
medial to the tendon extensor hallucis longus distal to the ankle joint
482
the uterus is ____ to the bladder
superior
483
Where is the anterior chamber of the eye
in the anterior segment between the cornea and iris
484
the basilic vein drains into...where?
the brachial vein at the level of the mid-arm
485
What are the two parts to the temporal bone?
the squamous and petrous part
486
The posterior cord forms...
the radial nerve
487
why is a lumber puncture done at this level?
to avoid the terminal end of the spinal cord
488
Name the lobes and fissures of the lungs
R - superior lobe, inferior lobe, middle lobe horizontal and oblique fissureL - superior and inferior lobeoblique fissure
489
Functions of HCl
Pepsinogen --\> Pepsin; breakdown of bacteria and enzyme
490
Which muscle prevents drooling?
orbicularis oris - CN VII
491
the gluteus maximus is an _____ muscle
extensor
492
What nerves also come off the anterior rami between C5-T1? (2)
dorsal scapular nerve; long thoracic nerve
493
the lesser omentum has how many layers?
2
494
the deep arteries of the penis is supplied by the...
internal pudendal artery
495
CN's which can cause referred ear ache
V, VII, IX and X, C2/3
496
Mucous cells of the acinus secrete?
thick, mucus rich secretions
497
Which muscle of the tongue is innervated by the vagus nerve?
palatoglossus
498
Skeleton of the external ear?
temporal bone and elastic cartilage
499
What glands produce earwax?
ceruminous glands
500
Serous cells of the acinus secrete?
watery saliva rich in a-amylase
501
Which muscle is required for opening the jaw?
lateral pterygoid
502
types of urethra in the male
the prostatic urethra, the spongy urethra (in the penis)
503
Which nerve passes through the palatine foramen?
CN V2 - maxillary branch of trigeminal - foramen ovale
504
Where does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?
superior vertebrae body, vertebrae body of same number, transverse process of vertebrae
505
structure of a nephron from glomerulus to minor calyx
glomerulus --\> proximal convuluted tubule --\> loop of henle --\> distal convoluted tubule --\> collecting duct --\> minor calyx
506
Which Le Fort fractures can disrupt the cribiform plate?
types II and III
507
What nerve does the ophthalmic artery travel alongside?
the optic nerve CN II
508
The pleural fluid does two things, these are?
act as a lubricant create surface tension
509
Innervation of anterior compartment of the leg
Deep fibular nerve - L4/L5
510
weakness in which muscle leads to trendelenberg gait
gluteus maximus
511
where is the epitympanic recess?
superior to the tympanic membrane
512
What is the role of the lumbricals in the hand?
to attach to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
513
4 types of papillae on the tongue - which has no taste buds?
Follate, Vallate, Filiform (no taste buds), Fungiform
514
Function of somatostatin
to inhibit gastrin
515
carotid pulse is felt...
anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage
516
Functions of saliva (3)
lubrication, protection, digestion
517
What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
saddle joint
518
the basilic vein runs...
medially
519
What is the role of the interal ear?
converts special sensory info into fluid waves and APs --\> the brain
520
electrolytes in saliva which are higher in concentration than in plasma
K and HCO3
521
what muscle fibres encircle the ureteric orifices?
detrusor muscles
522
Function of the posterior compartment of the forearm
extension of the wrist and digits, SUPINATION, abduction and adduction of the wrist
523
What is the helix of the ear?
the ring of cartilage around the outside of the ear
524
What is the function of the palmar interossei?
adduction of the digits towards the middle finger (PAD - palmar ADduction)
525
The submandibular glands are innervated by which CN?
CN VII
526
what does the ophthalmic artery branch into?
the central artery of the retina and the ciliary arteries
527
The trachea can be palpated at the _______ notch of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
jugular, manubrium
528
Development of the lung bud into the pleural area causes the development of a ______ and _______ pleura
visceral, parietal
529
Which bone are the pterygoids attached?
the sphenoid and mandible
530
the abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of...
the umbilicus
531
Innervation of the posterior compartment of the thigh
tibial division of the sciatic nerve - L5, S1, S2
