anatomy

Question 1

what bones make up the bony orbit around the eye (7)

Answer 1

frontal 
nasal
maxilla
lacrimal
zygomatic
sphenoid 
ethmoid

Question 2

what bone does the optic canal run through

Answer 2

sphenoid

Question 3

in what bone is the infraorbital foramen located in

Answer 3

maxilla

Question 4

what muscle is located in the external layer of the eyelid

Answer 4

orbicularis oculi

Question 5

what are the two parts of the orbicularis oculi, where are they located

Answer 5

orbital = outer ring 
palpebral = inner ring

Question 6

describe the process producing lacrimal fluid

Answer 6

lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid under CN VII, it them washes over the eye and gets pushed toward the medial angle. It drains though the lacrimal puncta and eventually reaches the inferior meatus

Question 7

where does the lacrimal sac drain into

Answer 7

nasolacrimal duct

Question 8

what are the 3 layers of the eye, where are they located

Answer 8

fibrous - outer layer
uvea - middle
retina - inner

Question 9

what layer is known as the vascular layer

Answer 9

uvea

Question 10

what layer is known as the photosensitive layer

Answer 10

retina

Question 11

what are the two parts of the fibrous layer

Answer 11

sclera

cornea

Question 12

where do the muscles of the eye attach

Answer 12

sclera

Question 13

what is the main role of the cornea

Answer 13

2/3rds of the refractive power

Question 14

what are the 3 parts of the uvea

Answer 14

iris
ciliary body
choroid

Question 15

what does the iris control

Answer 15

pupil diameter

Question 16

what does the ciliary body control

Answer 16

controls the iris, shape of the lens and secretions aqueous humour

Question 17

what are the 4 parts of the retina that we should know

Answer 17

maula
optic disc
fundus
fovea

Question 18

what are the 2 segments of the eye, how are they separated

Answer 18

anterior and posterior. separated by the lens

Question 19

what is the anterior segment divided into

Answer 19

anterior chamber

posterior chamber

Question 20

where is located in the anterior chamber, what does it contain

Answer 20

between cornea and iris

contains aqueous humour

Question 21

where is located in the posterior chamber, what does it contain

Answer 21

between iris and suspensory ligaments

contains aqueous humour

Question 22

what does the posterior segment contain

Answer 22

vitreous body which contains vitreous humour

Question 23

describe the production and circulation of aqueous

Answer 23

ciliary body secretes it, it then circulate within the posterior chamber. it then passes through the the pupil into the anterior chamber. it is then reabsorbed into the scleral venous sinus at the iridocorneal angle

Question 24

what is the blood supply of the eye, where does it originate

Answer 24

the ophthalmic artery, originates from the internal carotid artery

Question 25

what is the venous drainage of the eye, where does it originate

Answer 25

superior and inferior ophthalmic vein, originates from the cavernous sinus

Question 26

where does the cavernous sinus run

Answer 26

runs via the superior orbital fissure

Question 27

what is the fundus of the retina, what does it contain

Answer 27

posterior area where light is focused contains: - optic disc - macula - fovea

Question 28

what is the optic disc

Answer 28

point of CN II formation | blind spot

Question 29

what is the macula

Answer 29

greatest density of cones

Question 30

what is the fovea

Answer 30

centre of the macula | area of most acute vision

Question 31

what are the 3 layers of the retina

Answer 31

from posterior to anterior: photoreceptors ganglion cells axons of the ganglion cells

Question 32

what are the 7 muscles associated with the eye

Answer 32

4 rectus muscles: - superior rectus - inferior rectus - medial rectus - lateral rectus 2 oblique muscles: - superior oblique - inferior oblique 1 levator palpebrae superioris

Question 33

where do ALL the muscles insert

Answer 33

onto the sclera

Question 34

where do all the RECTUS muscles originated from

Answer 34

common tendinous ring

Question 35

what is the innervation of the eye muscles

Answer 35

lateral rectus = CN VI superior oblique = CN IV all the rest = CN III

Question 36

what muscles open the eye

Answer 36

levator palpebrae superioris | mulllers

Question 37

what muscles close the eye

Answer 37

orbicularis oculi

Question 38

what does CN V1 innervate

Answer 38

upper eyelid cornea conjunctiva skin of the bridge + tip of nose

Question 39

what does CN V2 innervate

Answer 39

lower eyelid skin over maxilla nostrils upper lip

Question 40

what does CN V3 innervate

Answer 40

beard area: | skin over mandible and TMJ joint

Question 41

what supplies the angle of the mandible

Answer 41

C2 & 3 and spinal nerves

Question 42

where does CN III connect with the CNS

Answer 42

at the junction between the midline and the pons

Question 43

where does CN III pass through

Answer 43

cavernous sinus

Question 44

what are the 6 autonomic reflexes of the eye

Answer 44

``` wide eyes during flight or fight pupillary light reflex accommodation reflex lacrimation reflex tear production vestibulo-ocular reflex oculocardiac reflex ```

Question 45

what is the oculocardiac reflex

Answer 45

tension on the extra ocular muscles or eye results in bradycardia

Question 46

what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Answer 46

stabilises gaze during head movement

Question 47

how does the sympathetic system affect the eyes

Answer 47

widens them and dilates pupil to let in more light | focuses on far away objects

Question 48

how does the parasympathetic system affect the eyes

Answer 48

focus on near objects reflex lacrimation constricts the pupil to let in less light