infectious diseases Flashcards by Eilidh Edmiston

what is conjunctivitis

infection of the conjunctiva = the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids

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what are the two types of conjunctivitis

bacterial

viral

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what causes bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis

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what causes bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae (especially in children)

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what are the symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis

red, swollen eye

pus/discharge

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what is the investigation of bacterial conjunctivitis

swab for culture

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what is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis

topical antibiotic

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what antibiotic is used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis

chloramphenicol

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what is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol

inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme

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what are the side effects of chloramphenicol

allergy
irreversible aplastic anaemia
grey baby syndrome

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what are the symptoms of

Chlamydia conjunctivitis

Chronic history of eye issues
Unresponsive to previous topical antibiotics 
Bilateral in young adults 
Urethritis
Vaginitis 
scarring leading to vision loss

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what is the buzzword for Chlamydia conjunctivitis 

grains of rice under the eyelid

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what is the investigation for Chlamydia conjunctivitis

swab for culture

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what is the treatment for Chlamydia conjunctivitis

topical oxytetracycline

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what additional treatment may be required in Chlamydia conjunctivitis

oral azithromycin for the genital infection

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what are the causes of viral conjunctivitis

adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

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what is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus

self-limiting

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what is the investigation for viral conjunctivitis

swab for culture

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what is microbial keratitis

inflammation of the cornea

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what treatment must NOT be given in microbial keratitis, why?

steroids

can melt the cornea

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what are the 3 types of microbial keratitis

bacterial
viral
fungal

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when should bacterial keratitis be suspected

in association with corneal pathology or if patient wears contact lens

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what are the symptoms of bacterial keratitis

hypopyon

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what is a hypopyon

A leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and the underlying sclera

aka pooling of pus

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what is the investigation of bacterial keratitis

corneal scrapes

what is the treatment of bacterial keratitis

admit to hospital for: hourly antibiotic drops daily review

what antibiotics are used to treat bacterial keratitis

ofloxacin OR gentamicin + cefuroxime

what are the 2 types of viral keratitis

herpetic | adenovirus

what are the symptoms of herpetic keratitis, what is the buzzword

dendritic ulcer = branching tree

when does adenovirus keratitis usually occur

following an URTI

what are the symptoms of adenovirus keratitis

subepithelial infiltrates | bilateral

what is the treatment of adenovirus keratitis

topical antibiotic to prevent secondary infection | chronic = steriods

what are the 2 causes of fungal keratitis

acanthamoeba | Pseudomonas aeruginosa

what is fungal keratitis associated with

history of trauma from vegetation

what is the cause of infection by acanthamoeba

washing contact lens in the sink

what is the investigation of acanthamoeba

send contact lens + case for culture

what is Endophthalmitis

inflammation of the entire globe of the eye

what are the causes of Endophthalmitis

post-op | endogenous: most commonly staph epidermis

what are the symptoms of Endophthalmitis

very very painful very red eye decreasing vision

what is the investigation for Endophthalmitis

aqueos/vitreous for culture

what is the treatment of Endophthalmitis

Intravitreal vancomycin + topical antibiotics

what are the causes of orbital cellulitis

``` Staphylococci Streptococci Coliforms Haemophilus influenzae anaerobes ```

what are the symptoms of orbital cellulitis

``` Painful eye movements Proptosis Temperature Vision loss Paranasal sinusitis ```

what is the investigation of orbital cellulitis

CT scan to identify orbital abscesses

what is the treatment of orbital cellulitis

broad spectrum antibiotic | abscesses may need drainage

what are the symptoms of pre-septal cellulitis

general infective symptoms

what is Chorioretinitis

inflammation of the choroid and retina

what is the cause of Chorioretinitis in HIV patients

CMV

what are causes of Chorioretinitis

toxoplasma gondii | toxocara canis

where does toxoplasma gondii originate from

cats | raw meat

what are the symptoms of toxoplasma gondii

mild flu-like illness

what are the investigations of toxoplasma gondii

serology

what is the treatment of toxoplasma gondii

systemic is only required if vision is threatened

where does toxocara canis originate

cats | dogs

what are the symptoms of toxocara canis

granulomas which may lead to irreversible vision loss depending on location

what is the investigations of toxocara canis

serology

what is the treatment of toxocara canis

usually self-limiting

what is episcleritis

superficial inflammation of the episclera with no clear cause

what is the treatment of episcleritis

self-limiting

what is scleritis

inflammation of the sclera

what are the symptoms of scleritis

very painful violaceous hue associated uveitis is common

what is the investigation of scleritis

phenylephrine test

what is the treatment of scleritis

oral NSAIDs oral steroids steroid sparring agents

what is uveitis

inflammation of the uvea

what are the infective causes of uveitis

TB herpes zozster syphilis lyme disease

what are the non-infective causes of uveitis

HLA-B27 juvenile arthritis sarcoidosis

what are the symptoms of uveitis

``` pain +/- referred pain reduced vision photophobia red eye hypopyon ```

what is the treatment of uveitis

topical steroids mydriatic drugs e.g. cyclopentolate investigate for systemic associations if chronic or recurrent

what is blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid

what are the two types of blepharitis

anterior | posterior

what is the cause of posterior blepharitis

meibomian gland dysfunction

what are the symptoms of posterior blepharitis

redness deep in lid normal lid margin dried secretion at gland opening cysts

what is posterior blepharitis associated with

acne rosacea

what are the causes of anterior blepharitis

seborrheic | staph

what are the symptoms of anterior blepharitis caused by staph

styes ulcers corneal staining distortion/loss/ingrowing of lashes

what are the symptoms of seborrheic anterior blepharitis

scales on lashes

what is the difference in symptoms between anterior blepharitis and posterior blepharitis

``` anterior = red lid margin posterior = normal lid margin, redder deeper in lid ```

what are the symptoms of blepharitis regardless of type

gritty eyes foreign body sensation mild discharge

what is the treatment of blepharitis

daily bathing warm compress supplementary tear drops oral doxycycline for 2-3 months

what are the causes of central corneal ulcers

INFECTIVE: viral fungal bacterial acanthamoeba

what are the causes of peripheral corneal ulcers

AUTOIMMUNE: rheumatoid arthritis hypersensitivity

what are the symptoms of corneal ulcers

``` severe pain = "needle like" photophobia profuse lacrimation red eye abnormal reflection hypopyon ```

what are the investigations of corneal ulcers

staining with fluorescein | corneal scrape for gram stain and culture

infectious diseases Flashcards

(83 cards)